scholarly journals Infections with Arsenophonus Facultative Endosymbionts Alter Performance of Aphids (Aphis gossypii) on an Amino-Acid-Deficient Diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan-Pan Tian ◽  
Chun-Yan Chang ◽  
Ning-Hui Miao ◽  
Meng-Yue Li ◽  
Xiang-Dong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Reproductive Rates

ABSTRACT Genetic polymorphism and endosymbiont infection are ubiquitous in aphid populations. It has been known that the obligate symbiont Buchnera provides aphids with essential amino acids which cannot be ingested from plant sap. Buchnera often coexists with facultative endosymbionts in aphids. However, it is unclear whether the facultative endosymbionts affect the aphid’s amino acid requirements from diet. In this study, we found that the facultative endosymbiont status in populations of the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii was associated with aphid genotype or host plant. The infection frequency of Arsenophonus in aphids living on cotton was significantly higher than that in aphids on cucumber, and cucumber leaves contained higher titers of free amino acids than cotton leaves, especially amino acids Leu, Arg, Ile, Val, and Phe. The net reproductive rates of five aphid genotypes infected with Arsenophonus were not different on the complete-amino-acid diet, but the values were significantly different among seven Arsenophonus-free aphid genotypes. Moreover, the net reproductive rates of aphids on the amino-acid-deficient diet were significantly affected by Arsenophonus infection and aphid genotype. Arsenophonus infection decreased aphid performance on the Phe-free diet but improved performance on the Leu-free diet and did not affect the performance on the Ile-free or Val-free diet. Arsenophonus infections altered aphid requirements for amino acids that were significantly different in cotton and cucumber leaves, suggesting this endosymbiont would modulate the host specialization of this aphid. IMPORTANCE The facultative endosymbiont Arsenophonus plays an important role in regulating reproduction through son killing, enemy resistance, and the dietary breadth of its insect hosts. In this study, we found Arsenophonus could alter aphid performance on the amino-acid-deficient diets. Arsenophonus infection increased aphid requirements for the amino acid Phe, but decreased requirements for the Leu. Cotton and cucumber leaves contained drastically different titers of free amino acids Phe and Leu, and aphids living on these two plants were infected with different incidences of Arsenophonus. We hypothesize that host specialization or the host plant range of aphids may be mediated by Arsenophonus.

scholarly journals Determination of amino acid requirements of young pigs using an indicator amino acid

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Il Kim ◽  
Ian McMillan ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Direct Estimate ◽  
Phenylalanine Level

1. Mixtures of skim milk and free amino acids were compared as diets for pigs which would allow manipulation of dietary amino acid levels. Piglets gained 208 g/d between 3 and 14 d of age on the skim-milk diet, but replacement of 600 g/kg of the dietary nitrogen with free amino acids reduced growth rate to 148 g/d.2. Supplementation of a lysine-deficient diet with lysine reduced the catabolism of [14C]phenylalanine showing that phenylalanine catabolism could be used as an indicator of the adequacy of diet with respect to another essential amino acid.3. The dietary level of phenylalanine which would provide an excess for catabolism by the piglet was estimated directly by measuring the influence of dietary phenylalanine level on [14C]phenylalanine oxidation. Reduction of the dietary phenylalanine level below 7 g/kg had no effect on phenylalanine oxidation, whereas increasing the dietary phenylalanine level above 7 g/kg resulted in a linear increase in phenylalanine oxidation.4. An indirect estimate of histidine requirement was made by examining the influence of dietary histidine level on [14C]phenylalanine oxidation. In diets containing more than 4 g histidine/kg, phenylalanine oxidation was minimal. In diets containing less than 4 g histidine/kg, [14C]phenylalanine oxidation increased as the level of dietary histidine was reduced. This showed that the utilization of the essential amino acid phenylalanine, for protein synthesis, was not limited by histidine supply in diets containing more than 4 g histidine/kg.5. A direct estimate of histidine requirement was made by examining the influence of dietary histidine level on [14C]histidine oxidation. Diets with more than 4 g histidine/kg contained an excess which was catabolized: there was a linear increase in histidine oxidation in response to dietary histidine levels greater than 4 g/kg. This confirmed the previous indirect estimate of histidine requirement.

scholarly journals Effect of rumen-protected lysine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma amino acid profile in feedlot steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie J Heiderscheit ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Feedlot Steers

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate growth performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma amino acid profiles of feedlot steers fed rumen-protected Lys. Forty-two Angus-cross steers (304 ± 25 kg) were blocked by weight and fed treatment diets for 180 d (growing days 0 to 55; finishing days 56 to 180): 1) Lys-deficient diet (CON; n = 12 steers), 2) Lys-adequate diet containing soybean meal (POS; n = 12 steers), or 3) Lys-deficient diet plus supplemental rumen-protected Lys (RPL; AjiPro-L; Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition North America, Eddyville, IA; n = 18 steers). Consecutive day bodyweights (BWs) were recorded to begin and end growing and finishing. Individual steer dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded. Blood was collected on days 0, 56, and 179 for analysis of physiological free amino acids. Steers were harvested on day 180 and carcass characteristics were recorded. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS 9.4. Steer was the experimental unit and treatment was the fixed effect for all parameters. Block was a fixed effect for growth performance, feed intake, and carcass data. The day 0 value for each parameter of physiological free amino acids was used as a covariate during analysis. The CON steers had greater BW, average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F) at the end of growing (day 56; P ≤ 0.05) vs. POS and RPL. The CON steers also had greater final BW (P = 0.04) and overall ADG (P = 0.04) than RPL, while POS was intermediate. Carcass characteristics were not different across treatments [hot carcass weight, dressing percent, ribeye area, back fat, kidney/pelvic/heart (KPH) percent, marbling, or calculated yield grade; P ≥ 0.13]. Plasma urea N was greater in POS steers on days 56 and 179 (P ≤ 0.04). Plasma Lys and Arg concentrations were greater in POS at day 56 (P ≤ 0.02); however, there was no difference among treatments for these two variables at day 179 (P ≥ 0.44). Steers in all treatments had greater DMI than predicted, causing a negative metabolizable Lys balance for all treatments during growing. Though the metabolizable Lys balance was positive for POS and RPL-fed steers during finishing, the increased metabolizable Lys in these treatments may have decreased performance if other amino acids were imbalanced due to increased intakes.

Biochemische Aspekte des Aminosäuren-Stoffwechsels bei Psoriasis vulgaris / Biochemical Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism in Psoriasis vulgaris

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Peter ◽  
H. Angst ◽  
U. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pathological Process

Free and protein-bound amino acids in serum and scales were investigated. In serum the bound amino acids of psoriatics are significantly higher with exception of Pro, Met, Tyr and Phe in contrast to normal subjects. For free amino acids the differences between normal subjects and psoriatics found in serum and scales are not significant. Results are discussed in relation to the single amino acids and the biochemical correlations are outlined which takes the pathological process as a basis.

Liver extract and its free amino acids equally stimulate gastric acid secretion

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (6) ◽  
pp. G493-G496 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Feldman ◽  
M. I. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid Secretion ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture

Using intragastric titration in dogs with gastric fistulas, dose-response studies were carried out with liver extract and with a mixture of amino acids that matched the free amino acids found in liver extract. All solutions were adjusted to pH 7.0 and osmolality to 290 mosmol x kg-1. Doses are expressed as the sum of the concentrations of all free amino acids. At each dose studied (free amino acid concentration: 2.8, 5.6, 11, 23, and 45 mM), acid secretion in response to the free amino acid mixture was not significantly different from that of liver extract. The peak response to both liver extract and the free amino acid mixture occurred with the 23-mM dose and represented about 60% of the maximal response to histamine. The serum concentrations of gastrin after liver extract and the amino acid mixture were not significantly different. It is concluded that in dogs with gastric fistula, gastric acid secretion and release of gastrin were not significantly different in response to liver extract and to a mixture of amino acids that simulated the free amino acid content of liver extract.

Effect of Amino Acid Imbalance on Plasma and Tissue Free Amino Acids in the Rat

1968 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M.-B. Leung ◽  
Q. R. Rogers ◽  
A. E. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance

Free amino acids in extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with various amino acid metabolic disorders

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian E. Shih ◽  
Roseann Mandell ◽  
Harvey L. Levy ◽  
John W. Littlefield
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Skin Fibroblasts ◽  
Cultured Skin

scholarly journals Changes in flavor compounds of Aloididae aloidi during enzymatic hydrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 02040
Author(s):  
Xuting Bai ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Honglei Zhao ◽  
Xuepeng Li ◽  
Wenhui Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Flavor Compounds ◽  
Peptide Analysis ◽  
Soluble Peptide ◽  
Maximum Value

Protamex was selected to prepare the hydrolysate. E-tongue, free amino acid combined with soluble peptide analysis were used to detect the flavor changes of Aloididae aloidi during enzymolysis. Degree of proteolysis increased with the prolongation of enzymolysis time, and reached the maximum value at 8 hours. The content of soluble peptide of hydrolysate increased firstly and then decreased in the later process. The E-tongue could effectively distinguish the taste difference of hydrolysates at different enzymolysis time, and the hydrolysate presented strong bitterness and astringency during the whole enzymolysis. The total amount of free amino acids in the hydrolysate increased gradually, and some sweet, umami and bitter amino acids increased in varying degrees during the process of enzymolysis.

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