Effects of Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi on modulation of the host immune response: induction of a TH2 cytokine response in Lyme disease-susceptible (C3H/HeJ) mice but not in disease-resistant (BALB/c) mice.

Lyme disease (LD) has become the most common vector-borne illness in the northern hemisphere. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is capable of establishing a persistent infection within the host. This is despite the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. B. burgdorferi utilizes several immune evasion tactics ranging from the regulation of surface proteins, tick saliva, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and the disabling of the germinal center. This review aims to cover the various methods by which B. burgdorferi evades detection and destruction by the host immune response, examining both the innate and adaptive responses. By understanding the methods employed by B. burgdorferi to evade the host immune response, we gain a deeper knowledge of B. burgdorferi pathogenesis and Lyme disease, and gain insight into how to create novel, effective treatments.

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Mapping distributions of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis, and spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in Kentucky using passive and active surveillance

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101885 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101885

Author(s):

Anna R. Pasternak ◽

Subba R. Palli

Keyword(s):

Lyme Disease ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽

Active Surveillance ◽

Ixodes Scapularis ◽

Disease Vector

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Far-Reaching Dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato-Infected Blacklegged Ticks by Migratory Songbirds in Canada

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare6030089 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 89 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

John Scott ◽

Kerry Clark ◽

Janet Foley ◽

Bradley Bierman ◽

Lance Durden

Keyword(s):

Lyme Disease ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

Ixodes Scapularis ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato ◽

Care Providers ◽

Northern Areas ◽

Migratory Songbirds

Lyme disease has been documented in northern areas of Canada, but the source of the etiological bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) has been in doubt. We collected 87 ticks from 44 songbirds during 2017, and 24 (39%) of 62 nymphs of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, were positive for Bbsl. We provide the first report of Bbsl-infected, songbird-transported I. scapularis in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia; Newfoundland and Labrador; north-central Manitoba, and Alberta. Notably, we report the northernmost account of Bbsl-infected ticks parasitizing a bird in Canada. DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing reveal that these Bbsl amplicons belong to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bbss), which is pathogenic to humans. Based on our findings, health-care providers should be aware that migratory songbirds widely disperse B. burgdorferi-infected I. scapularis in Canada’s North, and local residents do not have to visit an endemic area to contract Lyme disease.

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Detection of antibodies to decorin-binding protein A (DbpA) and DbpB after infection of dogs with Borrelia burgdorferi by tick challenge

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/1040638720912394 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 481-485

Author(s):

Darby G. Oldenburg ◽

Dean A. Jobe ◽

Steven D. Lovrich ◽

Rhonda L. LaFleur ◽

Douglas W. White ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lyme Disease ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽

Ixodes Scapularis ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Protein A ◽

Immune Serum ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Serum Samples

We characterized the antibody response to decorin-binding protein A (DbpA) or DbpB from immune serum samples collected from 27 dogs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to DbpA or DbpB were rarely detected, but high levels of IgG antibodies to DbpA were detected in 16 of 27 of the immune sera collected 1 mo after infection, 20 of 25 of the sera collected after 2 mo, and each of the 23, 17, or 11 serum samples evaluated after 3, 4, or 5 mo, respectively. In addition, IgG antibodies to DbpB were detected in 22 of 27 ( p = 0.005) tested dogs after 1 mo, and the frequency of detecting the antibodies thereafter closely mimicked the antibody responses to DbpA. Moreover, antibodies to DbpA or DbpB were not produced by dogs vaccinated with a whole-cell B. burgdorferi bacterin; removing the antibodies to DbpA by adsorption to recombinant DbpA (rDbpA) did not affect the reactivity detected by a rDbpB ELISA. Therefore, the findings from our preliminary study showed that antigenically distinct antibodies to DbpA or DbpB are produced reliably during canine infection with B. burgdorferi, and the response is not confounded by vaccination with a Lyme disease bacterin. Larger studies are warranted to more critically evaluate whether detecting the antibody responses can improve serodiagnostic confirmation of canine Lyme disease.

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PS3-58 Comprehensive Borrelia burgdorferi specific inflammatory immune response analysis in patients with Lyme disease

Cytokine ◽

10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.397 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 52 (1-2) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

Pranay D. Khare ◽

Meenakshi Khare ◽

Gottfried H. Kellermann

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽

Response Analysis ◽

Inflammatory Immune Response

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Emergence of Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease vector and agent, in Ohio

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2014.00070 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Peng Wang ◽

Meaghan N. Glowacki ◽

Armando E. Hoet ◽

Glen R. Needham ◽

Kathleen A. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lyme Disease ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽

Ixodes Scapularis ◽

Disease Vector

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Comparative evaluation of three different ELISA methods for the diagnosis of early culture-confirmed Lyme disease in Italy

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.45853-0 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 361-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Antonella Marangoni ◽

Monica Sparacino ◽

Francesca Cavrini ◽

Elisa Storni ◽

Valeria Mondardini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽

False Positive ◽

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Erythema Migrans ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Positive Reactivity

In this study the raising and development of the immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi infection in 45 Italian patients suffering from culture-confirmed Lyme borreliosis erythema migrans was investigated. A total of 95 serially collected serum samples were tested by using three different commercial ELISAs: recomWell Borrelia (Mikrogen), Enzygnost Borreliosis (DADE Behring) and Quick ELISA C6 Borrelia (Immunetics). The sensitivities of the ELISAs were as follows: Enzygnost Borreliosis IgM, 70.5 %; Quick ELISA C6 Borrelia, 62.1 %; recomWell Borrelia IgM, 55.7 %; recomWell Borrelia IgG, 57.9 %; and Enzygnost Borreliosis IgG, 36.8 %. In order to compare the specificity values of the three ELISAs, a panel of sera obtained from blood donors (210 samples coming from a non-endemic area and 24 samples from an endemic area) was tested, as well as sera from patients suffering from some of the most common biological conditions that could result in false-positive reactivity in Lyme disease serology (n = 40). RecomWell Borrelia IgG and recomWell Borrelia IgM were the most specific (97.1 % and 98.9 %, respectively), followed by Quick ELISA C6 Borrelia (96.7 %). Enzygnost Borreliosis IgG and IgM achieved 90.1 % and 92.3 % specificity, respectively. Sera that gave discrepant results when tested by the three ELISAs were further analysed by Western blotting.

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