Estimating the effects of novel on-pack warnings on young adult smokers and susceptible non-smokers

BackgroundOn-pack tobacco warnings can deter smoking initiation and provide powerful cessation cues. However, these warnings typically feature graphic health images, which many young adults dismiss as irrelevant. We estimated responses to more diverse warnings and examined how these performed relative to each other.MethodsWe conducted a behavioural likelihood experiment and a choice modelling experiment in which 474 smokers and 476 susceptible non-smokers aged between 16 and 30 years evaluated 12 warnings featuring health, social, financial and cosmetic themes. The choice data were analysed by estimating Sequential-Best-Worst Choice and Scale-Adjusted Latent Class Models.ResultsSmokers found all test warnings aversive, particularly warnings featuring the effect of smoking on vulnerable third parties, including babies and animals, and showing a dying smoker. Susceptible non-smokers found graphic health warnings and a warning that combined graphic health with loss of physical attractiveness, significantly more aversive than other images tested.ConclusionsIllustrating the harms smoking causes to vulnerable groups may reduce the temporal distance and perceived control over smoking that young adults use to rationalise health warnings. Introducing more diverse warnings could recognise heterogeneity within smoker and susceptible non-smoker populations, and complement warnings featuring long-term health harms.

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Profiles of home violence and posttraumatic stress symptoms among young adults: Distinguishing between trauma and adversity using latent class analysis.

Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy ◽

10.1037/tra0000973 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shane W. Adams ◽

Maureen A. Allwood

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Latent Class Analysis ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Latent Class ◽

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms ◽

Class Analysis ◽

Stress Symptoms

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Developmental Measurement of Mental Attention

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/016502549401700110 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 161-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Juan Pascual-Leone ◽

Raymond Baillargeon

Keyword(s):

Latent Class ◽

Latent Class Models ◽

Categorical Data Analysis ◽

Test Items ◽

Mental Demand ◽

Mental Attention ◽

Constructivist Model ◽

Discrete Manner ◽

Analysis System ◽

Data Analysis System

A dialectical constructivist model of mental attention ("effort") and of working memory is briefly presented, and used to explicate subjects' processing in misleading test items. We illustrate with task analyses of the Figural Intersections Test (FIT). We semantically derive a set of 10 Theoretical Structural Predictions (TSP) that stipulate relations between mental attentional resources (mental-power: Mp) and the systematically varied mental demand of items (mental-demand: Md), as they jointly codetermine probable performance (conditional probabilities of passing and failing). These predictions are evaluated on first approximation using a known family of ordered Latent Class models, all probabilistic versions of Guttman's unidimensional scale. Parameters of these models were estimated using the Categorical Data Analysis System of Eliason (1990). Main results are: (1) Data fit Lazarsfeld's latent-distance model, providing initial support for our 10 predictions; (2) The M-power of children (latent Mp-classes) when assessed behaviourally may increase with age in a discrete manner, and have the potential to generate interval scales of measurement; (3) In the light of our results what statisticians often consider "error of measurement" appears (in part) to be signal, not noise: The organismic signal of misleading (Y-) processes that in their dialectical (trade-off) interaction with success-producing (X-) processes generate performance.

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