Analysis on the Influence of Students’ Health Quality Based on Intelligent Optimization of Sports Facilities and Equipment

Physical health promotion has always been a way for schools to pay close attention to and devote resources to their students’ development, physical fitness, and social adaptability. To promote the improvement of students’ overall physical quality, we must begin with the foundation and school physical education. This study proposes an improved K-means algorithm based on an analysis of the influencing factors of intelligent optimization of sports facilities and equipment on students’ health quality. Clustering analysis is carried out based on two groups of data classified as boys and girls, using the improved K-means algorithm. The findings reveal that the average change trend of physical fitness test items in each male cluster is generally similar, with a moderate change. The change in the average score of physical fitness test items for each cluster of girls in the group showed two distinct valleys, and the trend was complicated. This necessitates schools to invest funds to construct venues and purchase equipment in order to increase the number of sporting events.

The Development of Life and Career Skills in 21st Century Test for Undergraduate Students

<p style="text-align: justify;">The purposes of this study were to explore factors and indicators of life and career skills and to develop a life and career skills in the 21st century test for undergraduate students. This research employed a mixed-method study adopting an exploratory design: instrument development model to generate research tools. This study was divided into two phases; Phase 1 was to explore factors and indicators of life and career skills in 21st century, by using a qualitative method to analyze relevant documents; Phase 2 was the development of a life and career skills in 21st century test by adopting a quantitative method to collect data from students studying in 12 universities of the north-eastern region of Thailand via the test. In the second phase, the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Results revealed that the skills consisted of 6 factors and 35 indicators, and the test comprised 105 items. The quality of the test has been examined by five expertise, the reliability of all test items is acceptable, and all 6 factors demonstrated good construct validity. Factor loadings of six factors were 0.7940 -1.7816. This study can be implemented to measure the life and career skills of undergraduate students in any university to obtain data for establishing a policy and plans for maximizing students’ potential to achieve their careers and a happy living in 21st century after their graduation.</p>

Psychological Health Assessment Model of Enterprise Employees Based on DNN Technology

All enterprises gradually recognise the importance of employees’ healthy psychology to business activities in order to improve their own economic level and occupy a certain leading position in the economic market. The main factors affecting employees’ psychological health are used as input samples in this paper, and a network model of enterprise employees’ psychological health prediction based on DNN is developed. To form a specific set, the psychological health indicators are separated from the complex test items. The key influencing factors in psychological health assessment are chosen as input vectors, and the DNN algorithm’s output results are obtained, analysed, and compared. Following sample training, the artificial NN’s error between predicted and measured values is only 3.55 percent, achieving the desired effect. The DNN principle is used in this paper to create a mathematical prediction network model based on an analysis of psychological factors affecting employees in businesses. The calculation of the final result of the prediction system is simple and flexible when the parameters of the NN are changed, and the network model’s prediction efficiency and accuracy are greatly improved.

Role of Figures in Mathematics Problems in Slovak Testing T9

Besides providing information to pupils, their parents, teachers, and school founders about the achieved level in mathematics, the pupils’ results in mathematics at international or national testing can also be used for other purposes. In our research, the results of Slovak national testing T9 (success rate of pupils and difficulty of individual thematic areas and test items) seem to us to be a reasonable source for identification of critical areas in school mathematics. Based on the findings of such areas, we target more at these areas in the preparation of future teachers of mathematics. The special group of problems, so-called problems with figures, seems to be one of the critical areas. In the assignment of these problems, a part of the input information is not of a purely textual character, and in the process of solving the solver has to read information about objects appearing in the problem and relations between objects from figures (e. g. scheme, graph, chart, table, picture or map). The paper focuses on success rates of pupils in solving problems of this type and on various roles and functions of figures in problems with figures from the testing T9.

Reference centiles based on year-to-year changes for a longitudinal evaluation of motor performance in children and adolescents

Objectives The aim was to evaluate the longitudinal course of motor skills development in children with a view to improve the understanding of intra-individual variance. Previous publications have been based on cross-sectional data or analyzed longitudinal studies in a cross-sectional manner. Design Longitudinal. Year-to-year change. Methods The present study is based on motor function data collected in the LIFE Child study (Germany). The participants (6 to 17 years) completed parts of the motor tests according to the standard of the German Motor Performance Test 6–18 (DMT). For a total of 1653 participants, 4616 motor tests with an annual interval in the period 2011 to 2019 were included in the evaluation. Results We were able to produce gender and age-specific change centiles for the test items standing long jump, jumping sideways, push-ups, stand and reach and balancing walking backwards. Each set of centiles revealed a range of variability in motor development in children and adolescents, with distinct progressive patterns in the different test items and different genders. The supplied tables offer an indication of expected year-to-year change for each test item depending on age and gender. Depending on the test item and the mean age, a deterioration in test results after a one-year interval was observed, despite cross-sectional centiles showing an upward trend. Conclusion We present a user-friendly tool as a way to assess individual dynamic changes in motor development of children and adolescents. In combination with the well-known cross-sectional centiles as baseline, this can be helpful for the scientific evaluation of motor skills tests and can also be used in school settings.

Where we perceive before we look: The distribution of presaccadic attention assessed with dynamic 1/f noise

Already before the onset of a saccadic eye movement, we preferentially process visual information at the upcoming eye fixation. This 'presaccadic shift of attention' is typically assessed via localized test items, which potentially bias the attention measurement. Here we show how presaccadic attention shapes perception from saccade origin to target when no scene-structuring items are presented. Participants made saccades into a 1/f ('pink') noise field, in which we embedded a brief orientation signal at various locations shortly before saccade onset. Local orientation discrimination performance served as a proxy for the allocation of attention. Results demonstrate that (1) saccades are preceded by shifts of attention to their goal location even if they are directed into an unstructured visual field, but the spread of attention, compared to target-directed saccades, is broad; (2) the presaccadic attention shift is accompanied by considerable attentional costs at the presaccadic eye fixation; (3) objects markedly shape the distribution of presaccadic attention, demonstrating the relevance of an item-free approach for measuring attentional dynamics across the visual field.

How does Rasch modeling reveal difficulty and suitability level the fraction test question?

This article explains how to analyze test items in arithmetic operation with fractions to obtain the items' level of difficulty and fitness. Data were collected by using multiple-choice questions given to 50 fourth-grade students of an elementary school in Tasikmalaya city. The answers were then analyzed using the Rasch model and Winsteps 3.75 application, a combination of standard deviation (SD) and logit mean values (Mean). The score data of each person and question were used to estimate the pure score in the logit scale, indicating the level of difficulty of the test items. The categories were difficult (logit value +1 SD); very difficult (0.0 logit +1 SD); easy (0.0 logit -1 SD); very easy (logit value –SD). Three criteria were used to determine the level of difficulty and fitness of the questions: the Outfit Z-Standard/ZSTD value; Outfit Mean Square/MNSQ; and Point Measure Correlation. It resulted in a collection of test items suitable for use with several levels of difficulties, namely, difficult, very difficult, easy, and very easy, from the previous items, which had difficult, medium, and easy categories. Rasch model can help categorize questions and students' ability levels.

Cultural Domain in Development and Validation of Tests on Arts to Assess the Skills of Student Graphic Designers

The purpose of the study was to examine whether the presence of items that covered cultural questions in the test оn arts for student graphic designers influenced the fairness of the test across different ethnic and social groups. The reason for the study was to address the gap in the development and validation of tests оn arts that include a cultural domain to assess the skills of undergraduate graphic designers. The research design was based on DIF and DTF methods to examine the factorial structure of test data and to identify whether the factorial structure of the test was the same across ethnic and social groups. A one-factor CFA model was applied to perform measurements for categorised ethnic and social status groups to identify whether the factorial structure was similar or identical for them. The goodness-of-fit measures were calculated using the chi-square statistics, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA to identify how the obtained data is consistent with the hypothesised model. The inclusion of local culture-related questions in the tests оn arts to assess the skills of student graphic designers influences the individuals' latent traits which lead to an increase in DIF values. Though there were detected seven items with the DIF for the whole test, the DTF measurements showed that the DIF effect eliminated each out at test level which is related to the fact the certain ethnic groups performed better in answering some specific test items, while certain status groups performed better in answering some other test items. It is noteworthy that DTF for the Ukrainian art (miscellaneous) section was between 0.07 and 0.14 meaning a moderate DTF effect. However, the DTF variance values for the sections of principles of design and principles of art were lower than 0.07 meaning a small effect. Therefore, it could be concluded that small DTF effects found in both the whole test and each test section separately indicated that DIF effects eliminate each other at the test level.

The Effect of Test Length on the Accuracy of Estimating Ability Parameter in the Two- and Three-Parameter Logistic Models: Comparison by Using the Bayesian Method of Expected Prior Mode and Maximum Likelihood Estimation

This study aims to compare the effect of test length on the degree of ability parameter estimation in the two-parameter and three-parameter logistic models, using the Bayesian method of expected prior mode and maximum likelihood. The experimental approach is followed, using the Monte Carlo method of simulation. The study population consists of all subjects with the specified ability level. The study includes random samples of subjects and of items. Results reveal that estimation accuracy of the ability parameter in the two-parameter logistic model according to the maximum likelihood method and the Bayesian method increases with the increase in the number of test items. Results also show that with long and average length tests, the effectiveness is related to the maximum likelihood method and to all conditions of the sample size, whereas in short tests, the Bayesian method of prior mode outperformed in all conditions. Results indicate that the increase of the ability parameter in the three-parameter logistic model increases with the increase of test items number. The Bayesian method outperforms with respect to the accuracy of estimation at all conditions of the sample size, whereas in long tests the maximum likelihood method outperforms at all different conditions. Received: 17 September 2021 / Accepted: 24 November 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022