Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) embryo sensitivity to Prudhoe Bay petroleum hydrocarbons: laboratory evaluation and in situ exposure at oiled and unoiled sites in Prince William Sound

1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 2366-2375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Kocan ◽  
J E Hose ◽  
E D Brown ◽  
T T Baker
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Prudhoe Bay ◽  
In Situ Exposure

Histopathology and cytogenetic evaluation of Pacific herring larvae exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons in the laboratory or in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1846-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
G D Marty ◽  
J E Hose ◽  
M D McGurk ◽  
E D Brown ◽  
D E Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Vacuolar Change ◽  
Pericardial Edema ◽  
Oil Exposure ◽  
Prudhoe Bay

Following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) larvae sampled from oiled sites had ascites, pericardial edema, and genotoxic damage. Laboratory study confirmed that these lesions were consistent with oil exposure. Pacific herring larvae were trawled from two oiled and two unoiled sites in Prince William Sound in May 1989. Larvae from oiled sites were shorter, had ingested less food, had slower growth (oiled, 0.07-0.10 mm/day; unoiled, 0.15-0.18 mm/day), and had higher prevalence of cytogenetic damage (oiled, 56-84%; unoiled, 32-40%) and ascites (oiled, 16%; unoiled, 1%) than from unoiled sites. In the laboratory experiment, Pacific herring eggs were exposed to an oil-water dispersion of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (initial concentrations of 0.0, 0.10, 0.24, 0.48, and 2.41 mg/L) and sampled for histopathology <24 h after hatching. Effects were significant at the 0.48 mg/L dose (Dunnett's procedure, P < 0.05). Lesions included ascites; hepatocellular vacuolar change; and degeneration or necrosis of skeletal myocytes, retinal cells, and developing brain cells. Lesions in field-sampled larvae were consistent with higher mortality rates documented in larvae from oiled sites.

Habitat factors controlling Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) egg loss in Prince William Sound, Alaska

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1133-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N Rooper ◽  
Lewis J Haldorson ◽  
Terrance J Quinn II
Keyword(s):  
Fish Predation ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Loss Rates

Recruitment for many marine fishes is believed to be determined at an early life history stage. Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawn in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones and have a demersal egg stage that is susceptible to egg removals during incubation. Data were collected by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in four years in Prince William Sound, Alaska, to identify important factors contributing to egg removals. We constructed analysis of variance models based on physical and biological variables to determine which environmental factors control egg loss rates. The habitat variables examined at each study transect were depth, wave exposure, north-south location, substrate, vegetation, mean bird abundance, abundance of loose eggs, and fish predation. Depth of spawn was the primary factor determining egg loss. Cumulative time of air exposure over incubation was substituted into the model for depth. Using the model, the total estimated egg loss from spawning to hatching ranged from 67 to 100% with an average of 75% (SE = 3.3%) in 1995. Eggs were originally deposited from 4 to -6 m depth relative to mean low water. The majority of eggs that remained in the spawning beds to hatching were deposited from 1 to -4 m depth. Egg removals due to avian predation were probably responsible for extreme egg loss rates at shallow depths.

scholarly journals Data conflicts in fishery models: incorporating hydroacoustic data into the Prince William Sound Pacific herring assessment model

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter-John F. Hulson ◽  
Sara E. Miller ◽  
Terrance J. Quinn ◽  
Gary D. Marty ◽  
Steven D. Moffitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Population Indices ◽  
Asa Model

Abstract Hulson, P-J. F., Miller, S. E., Quinn, T. J. II, Marty, G. D., Moffitt, S. D., and Funk, F. 2008. Data conflicts in fishery models: incorporating hydroacoustic data into the Prince William Sound Pacific herring assessment model. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 25–43. Data conflicts present difficulties in running integrated assessment models as shown by the age-structured assessment (ASA) model for the Pacific herring population in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. After the 1989 “Exxon Valdez” oil spill in PWS, the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) ASA model indicated a significant decline in the population, starting in winter 1992. Back-calculated estimates from hydroacoustic abundance surveys that started in 1993 suggested that the ASA model overestimated herring biomass from 1990 to 1992 and that the population decline actually began in 1989. To expose data conflicts, we incorporated the hydroacoustic survey information with all available spawning population indices directly into the age-structured model. In this way, the substantial uncertainty about population parameters from 1989 to 1992 attributable to data conflicts was quantified. Consequently, the magnitude of declines for that period estimated from both linear and ASA models depend on the type of integrated datasets and weighting, particularly with indices of male spawners. Our view is that a major decline started in 1992 when disease affected a large population that was in weakened condition. Other views are consistent with the existing data too.

Spatial and temporal variability in the diet of juvenile Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Foy ◽  
Brenda L Norcross
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Spring Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Relative Differences

The diet of juvenile Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, from four bays in Prince William Sound, Alaska, varied spatially and seasonally. In Zaikof Bay, which was sampled in each season, stomach fullness of this herring was highest in May and declined significantly through the winter. Diversity of prey taxa in the diet was highest in June, after the spring phytoplankton bloom. In October, Oikopleura species were dominant in the fish diets of all bays. In March, fish eggs, Cirripedia nauplii, small Calanoida, and large Calanoida were the dominant prey in Eaglek, Simpson, Whale, and Zaikof bays, respectively. Energy density of stomach contents was highest in May, highlighting the importance of high lipid copepod taxa in Zaikof Bay. Estimated assimilation rates suggest that the diets of smaller age-0 herring provide close to maintenance levels of energy prior to winter. Therefore, variability in diet composition and diet energy density could account for relative differences in nutritional conditions of age-0 herring in Prince William Sound.

Why did the Prince William Sound, Alaska, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) fisheries collapse in 1993 and 1994? Review of hypotheses

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
W H Pearson ◽  
R A Elston ◽  
R W Bienert ◽  
A S Drum ◽  
L D Antrim
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Clupea Pallasi ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
Oil Exposure

Following record harvests of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the 3 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the fishery failed in 1993. The hypotheses advanced to explain this dramatic 1993 decline occur in three categories: (i) effects associated with the 1989 oil spill, (ii) harvesting effects, and (iii) natural phenomena. Based on our review, we are convinced that a combination of increasing Prince William Sound herring biomass and decreasing food supply led to poor condition of Prince William Sound herring, which resulted in the 1993 decline. Other natural causes could have contributed to the decline, including disease, cold water temperatures, increased predation, and other natural stochastic processes. No evidence supports hypotheses that the decline resulted solely from overharvesting or underharvesting. The record high population levels and harvests of Prince William Sound herring in the years after the 1989 oil spill, the lack of change from the expected age-class distribution, and the low level of oil exposure documented for herring in 1989 and the following years all indicate that the 1989 oil spill did not contribute to the 1993 decline. Poor nutritional status, either alone or in combination with disease or other natural factors, was most likely responsible for the 1993 collapse.

Ecosystem controls of juvenile pink salmon (Onchorynchus gorbuscha ) and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi ) populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Cooney ◽  
J. R. Allen ◽  
M. A. Bishop ◽  
D. L. Eslinger ◽  
T. Kline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Clupea Pallasi
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