Induction of parthenogenesis, and chromosome behavior in plants of parthenogenetic origin in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Shi-Qi ◽  
Qian De-Qi ◽  
Cao Xiu-Yun
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Mother Cells

Different chemical, physical, and biological treatments were applied to emasculated flower buds of cotton hybrids (Gossypium hirsutum, 2n = 4x = 52) of various genotypes with the purpose of inducing haploid parthenogenesis. Of the treatments applied, the most effective chemical treatment was 0.2% colchicine in 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (1.22% parthenogenetic seed set), the most effective physical treatment was high temperature (2.66% parthenogenetic seed set), and the most effective biological treatment was pollination with Hibiscus cannabinus pollen (2.33% parthenogenetic seed set). In the progeny of five plants of parthenogenetic origin, chromosome number and meiotic behavior were studied. All were mixoploids at the dihaploid level and yet set bolls almost like normal allotetraploids. Chromosome numbers ranged from 12 to 56 in the root tips within plants, with a somewhat less pronounced variation between pollen mother cells. At meiotic metaphase I in pollen mother cells 89.8% of the chromosomes were associated. Of the bivalents 23.3% showed AA pairing, 18.7% showed DD pairing, and 18.4% showed AD pairing. Trivalents and higher multivalents involved 29.4% of the chromosomes, and 10.2% were univalents. Anaphase I segregation was often unequal. Yet fertility was as high as in the allotetraploid. It is possible that the second generation was formed by parthenogenesis after restitution in the embryonic mother cells.Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, cotton, parthenogenesis, mixoploidy, meiosis fertility.

scholarly journals Cytogenetics of Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) O. Kuntze (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae): chromosome number, polysomaty and meiosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Olkoski ◽  
Maria Teresa Schifino Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Chromosome numbers (somatic and/or gametic) were determined in 50 populations of M. bimucronata (DC.) O. Kuntze collected in the species area of distribution in Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil. All populations were diploid (2n = 2x = 26, n = 13). Polysomatic (mostly tetraploid) cells were detected in the seedlings root-tip cells in 39 out of the 41 populations examined, ranging from 3.0 to 28.2 % among populations, but were absent in the root-tips of grown plants. Polysomaty was as well absent in pollen-mother cells. In M. bimucronata pollen-mother cells are joined two-by-two before the onset of meiosis, remaining attached during all the meiotic division until the formation of pollen grain polyads, composed of two sets of four pollen grains each, that are dispersed in this way, which, according to previous suggestions would be an adaptation to ensure high seed set after a single pollination event.

Chromosome Behavior During Meiosis in the Pollen Mother Cells of Certain Oenotheras

1925 ◽  
Vol 59 (664) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Mother Cells

scholarly journals Cytological Analysis of a Clethra alnifolia `Hokie Pink' × C. pringlei Hybrid

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-342
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Male Gamete ◽  
Cytological Analysis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Deciduous Shrub

Clethra alnifolia L., a native deciduous shrub cultivated as an ornamental, was recently hybridized with C. pringlei S. Wats. The purpose of this hybridization was to combine the cold hardiness and adaptability of C. alnifolia with the ornamental foliage of C. pringlei. While most of the C. alnifolia × C. pringlei hybrids more closely resembled C. alnifolia than the paternal species, a `Hokie Pink' × C. pringlei hybrid (NA71586) with foliage that flushes red like C. pringlei was recovered. The objectives of this study were to analyze cytologically the F1 and produce a F2 population from NA71586. Chromosome counts from root tips cells indicated that NA71586 has 32 chromosomes. Since the chromosome number of C. alnifolia is 2n = 32 and that of C. pringlei was found to be 2n = 16, NA71586 appears to have developed following fertilization of a C. alnifolia egg with an unreduced male gamete from C. pringlei. Both `Hokie Pink' and C. pringlei exhibited primarily bivalent pairing in pollen mother cells (PMCs). Over half of the PMCs from NA71586 contained 16 bivalents, indicating substantial homology within the C. alnifolia genome. It was theorized that C. alnifolia is either an autotetraploid that exhibits bivalent pairing or a segmental allotetraploid produced from hybridization of species with similar genomes. More than 700 F2 progeny were obtained from self-pollination of NA71586. Although many of the F2 progeny resembled NA71586, variation in foliage color, size and shape was apparent in the population.

Chromosome behavior in the pollen mother cells of several strains ofOenothera Lamarckiana

1929 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Mother Cells

scholarly journals New aspects of chromosome behavior in pollen mother-cells of tri-, tetra- and pentaploid wheat hybrids

1928 ◽  
Vol 42 (496) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KIHARA ◽  
I. NISHIYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Wheat Hybrids ◽  
Mother Cells

EFFECTS OF 5-BROMODEOXYURIDINE IN AUTOTETRAPLOID BARLEY

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. KAO ◽  
B. L. HARVEY ◽  
E. N. LARTER ◽  
E. REINBERGS
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Base Pair ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Preferential Pairing ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Single Base Pair ◽  
Mother Cells

Two F1 hybrid populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend Lam.) were treated with 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), and subsequently the chromosome numbers were doubled with colchicine. In relation to the control plants, the BUdR-treated plants had higher fertility (seed set), a greater percentage of pollen mother cells (PMC) with 14-14 chromosome distribution at anaphase-1, and a greater degree of preferential pairing as measured by the percentage of recessives in the F2 generation. It is proposed, since BUdR causes single base pair changes, that the unit of a chromosome associated with preferential pairing is at least as small as a single base pair.

Morphology and cytology of induced hexaploid of Elymus canadensis and its backcross derivatives—pentaploids, tetrasomics, and trisomics

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Park ◽  
P. D. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Chiasma Formation ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Genomic Constitution ◽  
Stainable Pollen ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Elymus Canadensis ◽  
Mother Cells

A tissue culture induced octoploid of Elymus canadensis was crossed with two accessions ("Canada" and "Montana") of the same tetraploid species to produce hexaploids. Hexaploid (2n = 42) and near-hexaploid progeny (2n = 43 or 40) obtained from the crosses were morphologically vigorous but either partially or completely sterile. Mean frequencies of univalents and trivalents in the hexaploid pollen mother cells at metaphase I were 3 or 4 and 2 to 4 per cell, respectively. In view of the genomic constitution of the parents, the hexaploids were expected to be genomically double triploids. Nevertheless, bivalents, averaging 14–17 per cell, predominated. This might be due to the failure of chiasma formation and chiasma terminalization. One hexaploid plant was backcrossed to the tetraploid. The progeny consisted of one pentaploid and five aneuploids including one tetrasomic and two trisomics. All of the progeny from the backcrosses were less vigorous than aneuploids at the near-hexaploid level. Tetrasomics and trisomics had stainable pollen and a 17–19% seed set. Two trisomic plants were morphologically indistinguishable from each other and predominantly showed chromosome pairing of 14 II + 1 I. This indicates failure of chiasma formation and chiasma terminalization between homologous chromosomes.Key words: Elymus canadensis, hexaploids, tetrasomics, trisomics, meiosis.

Cytogenetic and Pollination Studies in the Genus Verticordia DC

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Tyagi ◽  
J Mccomb ◽  
J Considine
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Taxonomic Distance ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
High Level

Aspects of the genetic and physiological barriers to hybridisation have been assessed for the genus Verticordia which contains many species with significant potential for ornamental horticulture. The chromosome numbers of 52 species were analysed using flower buds and root tips. Previously published reports on chromosome numbers were confirmed for 21 species and new numbers reported in a further 31. Self compatibility was present in 20 species and only three species were shown to possess barriers to self pollination. Seed set occurred in two of six interspecific crosses carried out within sections. In 21 wider crosses the degree of pollen tube development was increasingly repressed with taxonomic distance. The chromosome counts also support the reclassification of the genus Verticordia into three subgenera: Chrysoma, Verticordia and Eperephes. Species within each section of a subgenus generally had the same chromosome number. Exceptions occurred in the subgenus Verticordia, sections Verticordia, Intricata and Micrantha. In species with one or two ovules, the chromosome number was also low (6, 7, 8 or 9) while species with six or more ovules had a higher chromosome number (11 or 22). There was, however, no relationship between chromosome number and chromosome size, nor between chromosome number and any observed feature which might be attributable to polyploidy or allopolyploidy. With the possible exception of V. grandis, which displayed loss of seasonality in flowering, all putative polyploids behaved developmentally as diploids and displayed a high level of male fertility.

CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE PESTICIDES PHOSDRIN AND BLADEX ON TRADESCANTIA AND VICIA FABA

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ahmed ◽  
W. F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Chromosome Aberrations ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Methane Sulfonate ◽  
Ethyl Methane ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Chromosome Fragments ◽  
Mother Cells

The cytological effects of the insecticide Phosdrin (mevinphos) and the herbicide Bladex on root tips of Tradescantia and Vicia faba were observed and compared with those of the chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). In addition, plants of Vicia faba were sprayed prior to floral initiation and pollen mother cells examined for chromosomal abnormalities. Phosdrin and Bladex produced the same kinds of chromosome abnormalities as EMS, namely, fragments, bridges, multipolar anaphases and lagging chromosomes. Bladex produced a higher percentage (3.47%) of chromosome aberrations in root tips of Tradescantia than did Phosdrin (2.56%), but fewer in Vicia faba than did either EMS or Phosdrin. Bladex was more toxic to cells of Vicia faba. The greater percentage of chromosome fragments induced by both pesticides in Vicia faba may be the result of highly specific and localized action of the pesticides in heterochromatic regions. Vicia faba seedlings sprayed with Phosdrin had a greater percentage of chromosome aberrations in the pollen mother cells than were found in root tips after Phosdrin treatment. Bladex sprayed at the same concentration as Phosdrin (200, 400, 600 ppm) was lethal to the plants. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations induced by both pesticides deviated significantly from that of the control.

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