A, The ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RADISH (Raphanus sativus)

Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Cinnamomum verum (Dalchini) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) and determination and quantification Phenolic compound present in aqueous extract of bark of C. verum. The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of C. verum was used on radish seeds at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded following standard procedures. Results of our study revealed that at higher concentration act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus while at low concentration it shows hermetic effect and promoted the seedling growth. aqueous extract showed concentration. Among different Phenolic compound (Syringic acid, p-crumeic, Ferulic acid, Quercetion and Gallic acid) determine in aqueous extract of barck of C. verum Maximum Quercetion (12.3 %) and minimum Syringic acid (0.60 %) was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of C. verum can be used as bioherbicides at higher concentration to control weed while at low concentration as plant growth regulator.

Evaluation of water loss and solute uptake during osmotic treatment of white radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) in salt-sucrose solution

White radish, scientifically known as Raphanus sativus L., is a yearly vegetable. Currently, it was being grown and widely used in the world, including Vietnam. These plants have been used as food or food processing. The osmotic treatment of vegetables involves the removal of water from plants in which the solids from the osmotic solution are transported to the plant material by osmosis. By this procedure, sucrose and saline solution are usually performed. White radishes were dehydrated in different hypertonic solutions by combined sucrose and NaCl at three different concentrations, including 9 runs. Mass transfer behaviour was applied according to three common models such as Fick’s second law, Weibull and Peleg’s equations based on the change of moisture and solid content of white radish during osmotic dehydration. The obtained results showed that the mass transfer was fast at initial stage and became slowly at the later stage. The effective moisture (Dm) and solid diffusivities (Ds) were ranged from 1.0186 to 1.2826x10-8 and from 1.0692 to 2.3322x10-8 (m2/s) respectively. The Peleg’s equation was found to be the best fitting for water loss and solid uptake thanks to the high determination coefficient (>97.64%) and the low average relative error (<3.174%). Raised up solution concentration resulted in higher water loss and mass gain.

RESPOSTA DA ALFACE EM SISTEMA AGROFLORESTAL IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO

RESPOSTA DA ALFACE EM SISTEMA AGROFLORESTAL IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO LAÍSA PRADO HURPIA1; JOEL LEANDRO DE QUEIROGA2; RONALDO ANTONIO DOS SANTOS1; ADNAH MIRIAH PEREIRA ROQUE1; ALINE DE HOLANDA NUNES MAIA2 E WALDEMORE MORICONI2 1 Departamento de Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174 - SP-330, CEP 13600-970, Araras, SP, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected] e [email protected]. 2 Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rodovia SP-340, Km 127,5, Tanquinho Velho, CEP: 13918-110, Jaguariúna, SP, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected] e [email protected]. 1 RESUMO Os sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) proporcionam comumente uma otimização da área de cultivo, mão-de-obra, insumos e água, com maior estabilidade e diversificação da produção, maior eficiência no controle de plantas espontâneas e proteção do solo contra a erosão. Contudo, atualmente são escassos os estudos sobre SAFs irrigados. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção da cultura da alface (Lactuca sativa L.) em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com rúcula (Eruca sativa L.) e rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.), no interior de um SAF e a pleno sol, sob irrigação por gotejamento. O estudo foi conduzido no Sítio Agroecológico da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, em Jaguariúna, SP. Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema de condução não influenciou o diâmetro horizontal da alface, enquanto o cultivo a pleno sol promoveu maior produção de massa seca e número de folhas de alface e rúcula. O rabanete apresentou folhas mais longas no SAF quando comparado ao pleno sol. O policultivo aumentou a produção por unidade de área, em 129,5% em média, em relação ao monocultivo no SAF e pleno sol. Estes resultados demonstraram que a consorciação foi vantajosa em relação ao monocultivo, ao produzir uma maior quantidade de hortaliças por unidade de área e insumos. Palavras-chave: sistema de cultivo, otimização de cultivos, irrigação localizada. HURPIA, L. P.; QUEIROGA, J. L.; SANTOS, R. A.; ROQUE, A. M. P.; MAIA, A. H. N.; MORICONI, W. RESPONSE OF LETTUCE UNDER AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM WITH DRIP IRRIGATION 2 ABSTRACT Agroforestry systems (SAFs) commonly provide optimization of the cultivation area, labor, inputs and water, with yield diversification and stability, greater efficiency in weed control and soil protection against erosion. However, studies on irrigated SAFs are currently scarce. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in single cultivation and intercropped with arugula (Eruca sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), grown in an agroforestry system and in full sun. The study was conducted at the Sítio Agroecológico of Embrapa Meio Ambiente (experimental farm), in the city of Jaguariúna, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The results showed that the conduction system did not influence the horizontal diameter of lettuce, while cultivation in full sun promoted greater production of dry mass and number of lettuce and arugula leaves. The radish showed longer leaves in SAF compared to full sun. Polyculture increased production per unit area, by 129.5% on average, compared to monoculture in SAF and full sun. These results showed that intercropping was advantageous in relation to monoculture, as it produced a greater number of vegetables per unit area and inputs. Keywords: farming system, crop optimization, localized irrigation system.

CULTURAS DE INVERNO NA SUPRESSÃO DE PLANTAS DANINHAS: RELAÇÃO COM O DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DA CULTURA DA SOJA (Glycine max)

As plantas daninhas competem diretamente com as culturas implantadas, e essa competição, muitas vezes, pode causar problemas irreversíveis. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes espécies de coberturas de solo cultivadas consorciadas ou em cultivo solteiro, sob a supressão de plantas daninhas e desenvolvimento inicial da cultura da soja (Glycine max). O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2020/2021, na Área Experimental da Fazenda Escola da Universidade de Cruz Alta, na cidade de Cruz Alta/RS. Onde foram semeados 8 (oito) tratamentos, constituídos por 7 (sete) plantas de coberturas de inverno, utilizadas isoladas e em consórcio e 1 tratamento deixado em pousio (Testemunha), no período do inverno. No pleno florescimento das mesmas, foram feitas coletas para quantificar a massa seca e massa verde produzida. E posterior realizou-se a dessecação e a semeadura da soja. Aos 7 e 15 DAE (Dias Após a Emergência), foram realizadas analises para avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura, sendo aos 7 DAE quantificado o número de plântulas emergidas, e aos 15 DAE analisadas altura de plantas. O uso de plantas de coberturas de solo representa grande vantagem ao produtor, no sentido que reduz o potencial de competição das plantas daninhas. Cobertura de inverno proporcionada pelo consórcio de aveia preta (Avena strigosa) + nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) + ervilhaca (Vicia sativa) desempenha papel supressor sobre plantas daninhas infestantes, em especial a buva (Conyza spp.), permitindo melhor desenvolvimento inicial da cultura da soja.

Alelopatski potencijal lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) na klijavost sjemena i rast klijanaca povrća

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi alelopatski potencijal lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) na klijavost sjemena i rast klijanaca rotkvice (Raphanus sativus L.), radiča (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum) i rajčice (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Vodeni ekstrakti pripremljeni od suhe nadzemne mase lucerne u tri koncentracije (1 %, 2,5 % i 5 %) testirani su u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Alelopatski potencijal lucerne ovisio je o test vrsti, koncentraciji vodenog ekstrakta te mjerenom parametru. Najslabije djelovanje zabilježeno je na klijavost te rast klijanaca rajčice. Povećanjem koncentracije vodenog ekstrakta povećavao se i negativni alelopatski potencijal. Najmanji utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata zabilježen je na suhu masu klijanaca test vrsta.

Fruit juice mediated multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of substituted isoxazoles and their in vitro bio-evaluation

A simple, efficient and eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis of isoxazole derivatives (4a–4h) using one-pot three-component reaction between substituted aldehydes (1a), methyl acetoacetate (2a) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3a) has been achieved in presence of Cocos nucifera L. juice, Solanum lycopersicum L. juice and Citrus limetta juice respectively. The homogeneity of synthesized compounds was confirmed by melting point and thin layer chromatography. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using 1H NMR, FTIR and CHN analyses and evaluated for in vitro herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus L. (Radish seeds). The compounds (4a–4h) were also screened for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Antibacterial activity was also tested against Erwinia carotovora and Xanthomonas citri. From bio-evaluation data, it was found that compound 4b was most active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) and Raphanus sativus L. (shoot) respectively. Compound 4b was also found most active against both the fungus viz. R. solani and C. gloeosporioides showing maximum percentage growth inhibition i.e. 90.00 against R. solani and 82.45 against C. gloeosporioides at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Compound 4 h has shown maximum inhibition zone i.e. 3.00–9.60 mm against Erwinia carotovora at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Maximum Xanthomonas citri growth was also inhibited by compound 4 h showing inhibition zone 1.00–5.00 mm at highest concentration.

Transcriptomic and metabolic analyses revealed the modulatory effect of vernalization on glucosinolate metabolism in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Vernalization is the process by which long-term cold like winter triggers transition to flowering in plants. Many biennial and perennial plants including Brassicaceae family plants require vernalization for floral transition. Not only floral transition, but dynamic physiological and metabolic changes might also take place during vernalization. However, vernalization-mediated metabolic change is merely investigated so far. One of secondary metabolites found in Brassiceceae family plants is glucosinolates (GSLs). GSLs provides defense against pathogens and herbivores attack in plants and also exhibits inhibitory activity against human cancer cell. Profiles of GSLs are highly modulated by different environmental stresses in Brassciaceae family plants. To grasp the effect of vernalization on GSLs metabolic dynamics in radish (Raphanus sativus L.), we performed transcriptomic and metabolic analysis during vernalization in radish. Through transcriptome analysis, we found many GSLs metabolic genes were significantly down-regulated by vernalization in radish plants. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis also revealed that GSLs compounds were substantially reduced in vernalized radish samples compared to non-vernalized radish samples. Furthermore, we found that repressive histone modification (i.e. H3K27me3) is involved in the modulation of GSLs metabolism via epigenetic suppression of Glucoraphasatin Synthase 1 (GRS1) during vernalization in radish. This study revealed that GSLs metabolism is modulated by vernalization, suggestive of a newly identified target of vernalization in radish.