Nutritional Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: What Is the Evidence for Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy?

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 524-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Gibala
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Nutritional Supplementation ◽  
Practical Recommendation ◽  
Single Bout

Many athletes and recreational weightlifters believe that dietary manipulations-either following a single bout of resistance exercise or during habitual training-may augment the normal gains in muscle fibre hypertrophy. Very few studies, however, have directly examined the effect of nutritional supplementation on muscle protein metabolism after resistance exercise. Ingestion of an amino acid and/or carbohydrate solution during the initial hours following a single bout of resistance exercise promotes an acute increase in protein net balance compared to the fasted state. The precise mechanism involved has not been elucidated but seems related to an increased availability of intracellular amino acids and/or an increase in plasma insulin concentration. As a practical recommendation, therefore, postexercise feeding appears to be very important. Recent evidence suggests that creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training may elicit larger increases in muscle fibre cross-sectional area compared to training alone. This intervention may be most beneficial in persons with "compromised" skeletal muscle. Key words: protein metabolism, amino acids, creatine, insulin, human

scholarly journals Effects of long-term intradialytic oral nutrition and exercise on muscle protein homeostasis and markers of mitochondrial content in patients on hemodialysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (5) ◽  
pp. F885-F894
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Gamboa ◽  
Serpil Muge Deger ◽  
Bradley W. Perkins ◽  
Cindy Mambungu ◽  
Feng Sha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Nutritional Supplementation ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Protein Energy Wasting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Energy

Patients with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis commonly develop protein-energy wasting, a syndrome characterized by nutritional and metabolic abnormalities. Nutritional supplementation and exercise are recommended to prevent protein-energy wasting. In a 6-mo prospective randomized, open-label, clinical trial, we reported that the combination of resistance exercise and nutritional supplementation does not have an additive effect on lean body mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. To provide more mechanistic data, we performed a secondary analysis where we hypothesized that the combination of nutritional supplementation and resistance exercise would have additive effects on muscle protein accretion by stable isotope protein kinetic experiments, muscle mass by MRI, and mitochondrial content markers in muscle. We found that 6 mo of nutritional supplementation during hemodialysis increased muscle protein net balance [baseline: 2.5 (−17.8, 13.0) µg·100 mL−1·min−1 vs. 6 mo: 43.7 (13.0, 98.5) µg·100 mL−1·min−1, median (interquartile range), P = 0.04] and mid-thigh fat area [baseline: 162.3 (104.7, 226.6) cm2 vs. 6 mo: 181.9 (126.3, 279.2) cm2, median (interquartile range), P = 0.04]. Three months of nutritional supplementation also increased markers of mitochondrial content in muscle. Although the study is underpowered to detected differences, the combination of nutritional supplementation and exercise failed to show further benefit in protein accretion or muscle cross-sectional area. We conclude that long-term nutritional supplementation increases the skeletal muscle anabolic effect, the fat cross-sectional area of the thigh, and markers of mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Improving muscle mass: response of muscle metabolism to exercise, nutrition and anabolic agents

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 85-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Tipton ◽  
Arny A. Ferrando
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Anabolic Agents ◽  
Increase Muscle Mass ◽  
Positive Balance

Muscle mass is critical for athletic performance and, perhaps more importantly for most, health and survival. The metabolic basis for a change in muscle mass is an increase in net muscle protein balance (termed NBAL). NBAL is the difference between MPS (muscle protein synthesis) and MPB (muscle protein breakdown). Thus an increase in MPS and/or a decrease in MPB are necessary for NBAL to increase, leading to accretion of muscle proteins. In particular, accretion of myofibrillar proteins is necessary. NBAL responds to exercise, feeding and other factors. In healthy, weight-stable adults, muscle mass remains constant because periods of positive balance following feeding are countered by periods of negative balance during fasting. A combination of resistance exercise and nutrition is a potent anabolic stimulus through stimulation of MPS from amino acids and attenuation of MPB by carbohydrates. Increased muscle mass results from the accumulation of small amounts of protein in response to each bout of exercise combined with nutrient intake. The magnitude of the response may be influenced by factors other than just the amount of a nutrient ingested. Timing of ingestion, co-ingestion of nutrients and the type of protein may all influence protein accretion. Testosterone is a potent anabolic stimulus primarily through improvement in re-utilization of amino acids from MPB. There is a general lack of efficacy in studies assessing the potential for growth hormone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrostenedione to increase muscle mass. Creatine supplementation is clearly an effective means to increase muscle mass, especially in combination with resistance exercise, however the mechanisms remain unclear. Results from acute metabolic studies provide useful information for estimation of the efficacy of anabolic agents.

Role of Amino Acids and Peptides in the Molecular Signaling in Skeletal Muscle after Resistance Exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (s1) ◽  
pp. S47-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Koopman
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Stimulation Of

Resistance exercise can effectively result in an increase in muscle mass, or hypertrophy, which generally becomes apparent after several weeks of training. Muscle hypertrophy requires muscle protein synthesis to exceed protein breakdown during an extended time period. It has been firmly established that the interaction between exercise and nutrition (i.e., protein intake) is necessary to attain net protein accretion in skeletal muscle. The stimulation of protein synthesis is caused in part by stimulation of mRNA translation initiation. There is relatively little information on the response of intracellular signaling controlling mRNA translation to exercise and nutrition, especially in humans, but the available data in humans seem to suggest that a single bout of resistance exercise does not substantially enhance PI-3 kinase/mTOR signaling during the first 2 h after exercise. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the ingestion of protein or amino acids after exercise is crucial to further stimulate molecular signaling that controls translation initiation. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the intracellular signaling related to translational control and to provide a summary of the current knowledge about the response of the signaling pathways controlling the anabolic response to exercise and nutrient intake in vivo in humans.

scholarly journals The Regulation of Body and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism by Hormones and Amino Acids

2006 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 212S-217S ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenqi Liu ◽  
Wen Long ◽  
David A. Fryburg ◽  
Eugene J. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Metabolism

scholarly journals Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 1374-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah J. Drummond ◽  
Hans C. Dreyer ◽  
Christopher S. Fry ◽  
Erin L. Glynn ◽  
Blake B. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Mtorc1 Signaling

In this review we discuss current findings in the human skeletal muscle literature describing the acute influence of nutrients (leucine-enriched essential amino acids in particular) and resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. We show that essential amino acids and an acute bout of resistance exercise independently stimulate human skeletal muscle protein synthesis. It also appears that ingestion of essential amino acids following resistance exercise leads to an even larger increase in the rate of muscle protein synthesis compared with the independent effects of nutrients or muscle contraction. Until recently the cellular mechanisms responsible for controlling the rate of muscle protein synthesis in humans were unknown. In this review, we highlight new studies in humans that have clearly shown the mTORC1 signaling pathway is playing an important regulatory role in controlling muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrients and/or muscle contraction. We propose that essential amino acid ingestion shortly following a bout of resistance exercise is beneficial in promoting skeletal muscle growth and may be useful in counteracting muscle wasting in a variety of conditions such as aging, cancer cachexia, physical inactivity, and perhaps during rehabilitation following trauma or surgery.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1452-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah J. Drummond ◽  
Hans C. Dreyer ◽  
Bart Pennings ◽  
Christopher S. Fry ◽  
Shaheen Dhanani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Old Men

Skeletal muscle loss during aging leads to an increased risk of falls, fractures, and eventually loss of independence. Resistance exercise is a useful intervention to prevent sarcopenia; however, the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to resistance exercise is less in elderly compared with young subjects. On the other hand, essential amino acids (EAA) increase MPS equally in both young and old subjects when sufficient EAA is ingested. We hypothesized that EAA ingestion following a bout of resistance exercise would stimulate anabolic signaling and MPS similarly between young and old men. Each subject ingested 20 g of EAA 1 h following leg resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 1, 3, and 6 h after exercise to measure the rate of MPS and signaling pathways that regulate translation initiation. MPS increased early in young (1–3 h postexercise) and later in old (3–6 h postexercise). At 1 h postexercise, ERK1/2 MNK1 phosphorylation increased and eIF2α phosphorylation decreased only in the young. mTOR signaling (mTOR, S6K1, 4E-BP1, eEF2) was similar between groups at all time points, but MNK1 phosphorylation was lower at 3 h and AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) phosphorylation was higher in old 1–3 h postexercise. We conclude that the acute MPS response after resistance exercise and EAA ingestion is similar between young and old men; however, the response is delayed with aging. Unresponsive ERK1/2 signaling and AMPK activation in old muscle may be playing a role in the delayed activation of MPS. Notwithstanding, the combination of resistance exercise and EAA ingestion should be a useful strategy to combat sarcopenia.

Human soleus and vastus lateralis muscle protein metabolism with an amino acid infusion

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. E479-E485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad C. Carroll ◽  
James D. Fluckey ◽  
Rick H. Williams ◽  
Dennis H. Sullivan ◽  
Todd A. Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Translational Initiation ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Amino Acid Infusion

The calf muscles, compared with the thigh, are less responsive to resistance exercise in ambulatory and bed-rested individuals, apparently due to muscle-specific differences in protein metabolism. We chose to evaluate the efficacy of using amino acids to elevate protein synthesis in the soleus, because amino acids have been shown to have a potent anabolic effect in the vastus lateralis. Mixed muscle protein synthesis in the soleus and vastus lateralis was measured before and after infusion of mixed amino acids in 10 individuals (28 ± 1 yr). Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K; Thr389) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1; Thr37/46) was also evaluated at rest and after 3 h of amino acid infusion. Basal protein synthesis was similar ( P = 0.126), and amino acids stimulated protein synthesis to a similar extent ( P = 0.004) in the vastus lateralis (0.043 ± 0.011%/h) and soleus (0.032 ± 0.017%/h). Phosphorylation of p70S6K ( P = 0.443) and 4E-BP1 ( P = 0.192) was not increased in either muscle; however, the soleus contained more total ( P = 0.002) and phosphorylated ( P = 0.013) 4E-BP1 than the vastus lateralis. These data support the need for further study of amino acid supplementation as a means to compensate for the reduced effectiveness of calf resistance exercise in ambulatory individuals and those exposed to extended periods of unloading. The greater 4E-BP1 in the soleus suggests that there is a muscle-specific distribution of general translational initiation machinery in human skeletal muscle.

MUSCLE PROTEIN METABOLISM DURING INGESTION OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISE 1682

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Tipton ◽  
A. A. Ferrando ◽  
S. M. Phillips ◽  
D. J. Doyle ◽  
J. Cortiella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Muscle Protein Metabolism
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