protein synthesis
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Metabolites ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Yeongmin Kim ◽  
Sanghee Park ◽  
Jinseok Lee ◽  
Jiwoong Jang ◽  
Jiyeon Jung ◽  
...  

Dexamethasone (DEX) induces dysregulation of protein turnover, leading to muscle atrophy and impairment of glucose metabolism. Positive protein balance, i.e., rate of protein synthesis exceeding rate of protein degradation, can be induced by dietary essential amino acids (EAAs). In this study, we investigated the roles of an EAA-enriched diet in the regulation of muscle proteostasis and its impact on glucose metabolism in the DEX-induced muscle atrophy model. Mice were fed normal chow or EAA-enriched chow and were given daily injections of DEX over 10 days. We determined muscle mass and functions using treadmill running and ladder climbing exercises, protein kinetics using the D2O labeling method, molecular signaling using immunoblot analysis, and glucose metabolism using a U-13C6 glucose tracer during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The EAA-enriched diet increased muscle mass, strength, and myofibrillar protein synthesis rate, concurrent with improved glucose metabolism (i.e., reduced plasma insulin concentrations and increased insulin sensitivity) during the OGTT. The U-13C6 glucose tracing revealed that the EAA-enriched diet increased glucose uptake and subsequent glycolytic flux. In sum, our results demonstrate a vital role for the EAA-enriched diet in alleviating the DEX-induced muscle atrophy through stimulation of myofibrillar proteins synthesis, which was associated with improved glucose metabolism.


Author(s):  
E. Fidalgo da Silva ◽  
J. Fong ◽  
A. Roye-Azar ◽  
A. Nadi ◽  
C. Drouillard ◽  
...  

The ability of cells to sense diverse environmental signals, including nutrient availability and conditions of stress, is critical for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes to mount an appropriate physiological response. While there is a great deal known about the different biochemical pathways that can detect and relay information from the environment, how these signals are integrated to control progression through the cell cycle is still an expanding area of research. Over the past three decades the proteins Tuberin, Hamartin and TBC1D7 have emerged as a large protein complex called the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. This complex can integrate a wide variety of environmental signals to control a host of cell biology events including protein synthesis, cell cycle, protein transport, cell adhesion, autophagy, and cell growth. Worldwide efforts have revealed many molecular pathways which alter Tuberin post-translationally to convey messages to these important pathways, with most of the focus being on the regulation over protein synthesis. Herein we review the literature supporting that the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex plays a critical role in integrating environmental signals with the core cell cycle machinery.


2022 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam N. Keen ◽  
Luke A. Payne ◽  
Vedanta Mehta ◽  
Alistair Rice ◽  
Lisa J. Simpson ◽  
...  

The repertoire of extratranslational functions of components of the protein synthesis apparatus is expanding to include control of key cell signaling networks. However, very little is known about noncanonical functions of members of the protein synthesis machinery in regulating cellular mechanics. We demonstrate that the eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6) modulates cellular mechanobiology. eIF6-depleted endothelial cells, under basal conditions, exhibit unchanged nascent protein synthesis, polysome profiles, and cytoskeleton protein expression, with minimal effects on ribosomal biogenesis. In contrast, using traction force and atomic force microscopy, we show that loss of eIF6 leads to reduced stiffness and force generation accompanied by cytoskeletal and focal adhesion defects. Mechanistically, we show that eIF6 is required for the correct spatial mechanoactivation of ERK1/2 via stabilization of an eIF6–RACK1–ERK1/2–FAK mechanocomplex, which is necessary for force-induced remodeling. These results reveal an extratranslational function for eIF6 and a novel paradigm for how mechanotransduction, the cellular cytoskeleton, and protein translation constituents are linked.


2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Giada Mondanelli ◽  
Claudia Volpi ◽  
Ciriana Orabona

Among the 20 amino acids needed for protein synthesis, Tryptophan (Trp) is an aromatic amino acid fundamental not only for the synthesis of the major components of living cells (namely, the proteins), but also for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis [...]


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Frank Mayer

Bacteria possess an EF-Tu-based cytoskeleton.This article presents a short review. A number of questions which are not discussed in the former publications can be asked, such as: all bacteria possess a ribosomal protein synthesis system and, hence, also EF-Tu. EF-Tu is produced in an amount that is higher than the need for a function as translation elogation factor in ribsomal protein synthesis. This article tries to answer the question regarding the surplus of EF-Tu: formation of a "cell-wide web" by self-assembly as a feafure that stabilizes cell integrity. An additional question can be asked: what is the origin of this bacterial cytoskeleton? This article contains a speculation on this topic. A third question regards the'ntteructjon of ribosomes in the process of protemsynthesis: does the EF-Tu protein move to the ribosome, or does the ribosome move to the EF-Tu intergated in a fibril of the bacterial cytoskeleton? The former publication depicts electron micrographs which show colocalizatton of botth entities. EF-Tu is an example for aprotein with two independent functions: participation in the ribosomal protein synthesis as a kanslation elongation factor, and component of a bacterial cytoskeleton. This situation can open up a discussion ofthe sequence of events and states of early cells during evolution.


2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Wei-Jing Xu ◽  
Kai Guo ◽  
Jia-Li Shi ◽  
Chang-Tong Guo ◽  
Jia-Le Xu ◽  
...  

The occurrence of stress is unavoidable in the process of livestock production, and prolonged stress will cause the decrease of livestock productivity. The stress response is mainly regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), which produces a large amount of stress hormones, namely glucocorticoids (GCs), and generates a severe impact on the energy metabolism of the animal body. It is reported that m6A modification plays an important role in the regulation of stress response and also participates in the process of muscle growth and development. In this study, we explored the effect of GCs on the protein synthesis procession of porcine skeletal muscle cells (PSCs). We prove that dexamethasone affects the expression of SLC7A7, a main amino acid transporter for protein synthesis by affecting the level of m6A modification in PSCs. In addition, we find that SLC7A7 affects the level of PSC protein synthesis by regulating the conduction of the mTOR signaling pathway, which indicates that the reduction of SLC7A7 expression may alleviate the level of protein synthesis under stress conditions.


Cells ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Silvia Graziani ◽  
Luca Scorrano ◽  
Giovanna Pontarin

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective antineoplastic drug with serious cardiotoxic side effects that persist after drug withdrawal and can lead to heart failure. Dysregulation of vascular endothelium has been linked to the development of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity, but it is unclear whether and how transient exposure to Dox leads to long-term downregulation of Endothelial Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor type2 (VEGFR2), essential for endothelial cells function. Using an in vitro model devised to study the long-lasting effects of brief endothelial cells exposure to Dox, we show that Dox leads to sustained protein synthesis inhibition and VEGFR2 downregulation. Transient Dox treatment led to the development of long-term senescence associated with a reduction in VEGFR2 levels that persisted days after drug withdrawal. By analyzing VEGFR2 turnover, we ruled out that its downregulation was depended on Dox-induced autophagy. Conversely, Dox induced p53 expression, reduced mTOR-dependent translation, and inhibited global protein synthesis. Our data contribute to a mechanistic basis to the permanent damage caused to endothelial cells by short-term Dox treatment.


Entropy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razavi ◽  
Seyed Majid Saberi Fathi ◽  
Jack Adam Tuszynski

The underlying mechanism determining the size of a particular cell is one of the fundamental unknowns in cell biology. Here, using a new approach that could be used for most of unicellular species, we show that the protein synthesis and cell size are interconnected biophysically and that protein synthesis may be the chief mechanism in establishing size limitations of unicellular organisms. This result is obtained based on the free energy balance equation of protein synthesis and the second law of thermodynamics. Our calculations show that protein synthesis involves a considerable amount of entropy reduction due to polymerization of amino acids depending on the cytoplasmic volume of the cell. The amount of entropy reduction will increase with cell growth and eventually makes the free energy variations of the protein synthesis positive (that is, forbidden thermodynamically). Within the limits of the second law of thermodynamics we propose a framework to estimate the optimal cell size at division.


BMC Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyeon Lee ◽  
Dongkeun Park ◽  
Chunghun Lim ◽  
Jae-Ick Kim ◽  
Kyung-Tai Min

Abstract Background The establishment and maintenance of functional neural connections relies on appropriate distribution and localization of mitochondria in neurites, as these organelles provide essential energy and metabolites. In particular, mitochondria are transported to axons and support local energy production to maintain energy-demanding neuronal processes including axon branching, growth, and regeneration. Additionally, local protein synthesis is required for structural and functional changes in axons, with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs having been found localized in axons. However, it remains unclear whether these mRNAs are locally translated and whether the potential translated mitochondrial proteins are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functions in axons. Here, we aim to further understand the purpose of such compartmentalization by focusing on the role of mitochondrial initiation factor 3 (mtIF3), whose nuclear-encoded transcripts have been shown to be present in axonal growth cones. Results We demonstrate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces local translation of mtIF3 mRNA in axonal growth cones. Subsequently, mtIF3 protein is translocated into axonal mitochondria and promotes mitochondrial translation as assessed by our newly developed bimolecular fluorescence complementation sensor for the assembly of mitochondrial ribosomes. We further show that BDNF-induced axonal growth requires mtIF3-dependent mitochondrial translation in distal axons. Conclusion We describe a previously unknown function of mitochondrial initiation factor 3 (mtIF3) in axonal protein synthesis and development. These findings provide insight into the way neurons adaptively control mitochondrial physiology and axonal development via local mtIF3 translation.


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