Nesting ecology of Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) in Nova Scotia, the northeastern limit of the species' range

This study was conducted to obtain accurate information on the reproductive ecology of the threatened population of Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) in Nova Scotia. In 1994, 1995, and 1996, beaches and roadways in Kejimkujik National Park were surveyed for nesting turtles; all nests observed were covered with wire-screen cages to prevent predation and facilitate the collection of data on incubation and nest success. Nesting lasted from mid-June until early July. In each year, 80% of nesting occurred during a 10-day period in the third and fourth weeks of June. Turtles nested in the evening and predominantly on lakeshore cobble beaches. Site fidelity is high in this population: 73.3% of multiparous females returned to nest on the same beach in all years. No female produced more than one clutch per season, and most females (67.9%) nested less than annually. Mean clutch size was 10.6 eggs. Hatchlings emerge in September and October. Incubation times ranged from 80 to 128 days (mean = 94 days, SD = 11.7 days; n = 26 nests). In 1994 and 1995, most protected nests were productive; that is, 76.4 and 93.3% of protected nests produced at least one live hatchling in 1994 and 1995, respectively. In 1996, only 18.1% of protected nests were productive. Between 50 and 75% of productive clutches contained unhatched eggs and, on average, between 1.0 and 1.2 eggs failed per productive clutch. Total annual egg failure ranged from 26.5 to 94%. In the absence of nest predation, lower temperatures during incubation and nest flooding appear to be major cause of egg failure in this population. More effective means of reducing nest failure and bolstering recruitment must be implemented if efforts to aid the recovery of this threatened population of Blanding's turtle are to be successful.