ABSTRACTDensity functional theory (DFT) calculations and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to gain insight into the difference in cycling behaviors between the ethylene carbonate (EC)-based and the propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes in lithium-ion battery cells. DFT calculations for the ternary graphite intercalation compounds (Li+(S)iCn: S=EC or PC), in which the solvated lithium ion Li+(S)i (i=1~3) was inserted into a graphite cell, suggested that Li+(EC)iCn was more stable than Li+(PC)iCn in general. Furthermore, Li+(PC)3Cn was found to be energetically unfavorable, while Li+(PC)2Cn was stable, relative to their corresponding Li+(PC)i in the bulk electrolyte. The calculations also revealed severe structural distortions of the PC molecule in Li+(PC)3Cn, suggesting a rapid kinetic effect on PC decomposition reactions, as compared to decompositions of EC. In addition, MD simulations were carried out to examine the solvation structures at a high salt concentration: 2.45 mo kg-1. The results showed that the solvation structure was significantly interrupted by the counter anions, having a smaller solvation number than that at a lower salt concentration (0.83 mol kg-1). We propose that at high salt concentrations, the lithium desolvation may be facilitated due to the increased contact ion pairs, so that a stable ternary GIC with less solvent molecules can be formed without the destruction of graphite particles, followed by solid-electrolyte-interface film formation reactions. The results from both DFT calculations and MD simulations are consistent with the recent experimental observations.
Effect of dynamic loads and vibrations on lithium-ion batteries
