Gut microbiota and renin-angiotensin system: a complex interplay at local and systemic levels

Gut microbiota is a potent biological modulator of many physiological and pathological states. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including the local gastrointestinal RAS (GI RAS), emerges as a potential mediator of microbiota-related effects. The RAS is involved in cardiovascular system homeostasis, water-electrolyte balance, intestinal absorption, glycemic control, inflammation, carcinogenesis and aging-related processes. Ample evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between the microbiome and RAS. On the one hand, gut bacteria and their metabolites may modulate GI and systemic RAS. On the other hand, changes in the intestinal habitat caused by alterations in RAS may shape microbiota metabolic activity and composition. Notably, the pharmacodynamic effects of the RAS-targeted therapies may be in part mediated by the intestinal RAS and changes in the microbiome. This review summarizes studies on gut microbiota and RAS physiology. Expanding the research on this topic may lay a foundation for new therapeutic paradigms in gastrointestinal diseases and multiple systemic disorders.

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The uteroplacental renin-angiotensin system: a review

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-0029-1211289 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 102 (03) ◽

pp. 252-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

A. Hagemann ◽

A. H. Nielsen ◽

K. Poulsen

Keyword(s):

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Angiotensin System ◽

Renin Angiotensin ◽

System A

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Brain Renin-Angiotensin System: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Psychostimulant and Alcohol Related Disorders?

Psychiatry and Neuroscience Update ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-17103-6_7 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 79-88

Author(s):

M. Constanza Paz ◽

Natalia A. Marchese ◽

Claudia Bregonzio ◽

Gustavo C. Baiardi

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Target ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Angiotensin System ◽

Renin Angiotensin ◽

System A ◽

Novel Therapeutic

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The Biochemical Effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) on the Oxidative Stress Metabolism and Their Specific Parameters from the Temporal Lobe

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.20.6.8196 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (6) ◽

pp. 307-311

Author(s):

Sorin Ungurianu ◽

Constantin Trus ◽

Roxana-Rosmary Enciu

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Temporal Lobe ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Ang Ii ◽

Angiotensin System ◽

Renin Angiotensin ◽

Angiotensin Peptides ◽

Vascular Area ◽

Ang Iv ◽

The One

It is already known from a variety of previous reports that an independent brain renin�angiotensin system (RAS) exists, completely separated from the one in the periphery. This independent brain RAS has all the precursors and the enzymatic structures necessary for the generation of the angiotensin peptides. Thus, in the last few years various groups started focusing on the more central effects of less known angiotensins (e.g in comparison with Angiotensin (Ang) II), namely Ang III, Ang IV, Ang-(1�7) or Ang 5-8. One of these newly emerging angiotensins which has become an increased center of interest in many studies is Ang-(1-7), which is a heptapeptide previously described especially for its opposite effects to Ang II, in the peripheral vascular area, but also described for some opposite central functions vs. Ang II. These aspects are completed with the fact that it was recently suggested that the renin�angiotensin system could modulate the oxidative stress metabolism, and also it seems that the manifestations of Angiotensin-(1-7) on the basal oxidative stress status are contradictory, with a variety of reports describing controversial (e.g. both pro-oxidant and antioxidant actions) effects for this heptapeptide. Our results presented here are confirming a possible antioxidant effect of Ang-(1�7) administration on rat, as shown by the increased levels of antioxidant enzymes from the temporal lobe (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and decreased levels of malondialdehyde, as an important lipid peroxidation parameter.

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What Stimulates the Renin—Angiotensin System in Rats with two-Kidney Renal Hypertension?

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0640463 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 463-470

Author(s):

Y. Takata ◽

A. E. Doyle ◽

M. Veroni ◽

S. G. Duffy

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Plasma Renin Activity ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Plasma Renin ◽

Renin Activity ◽

Angiotensin System ◽

Renin Angiotensin ◽

Contralateral Kidney ◽

The One ◽

Renin Content

1. Blood pressure, the hypotensive effect of captopril, plasma renin activity, renal renin content and kidney weight were measured in the two-kidney—one-clip model, the one-kidney—one-clip model and the two-kidney—one-clip model with the ureter of the contralateral kidney ligated in rats. The ureteric ligation was performed to abolish urinary excretion from the contralateral kidney in the two-kidney—one-clip model. 2. The development of hypertension after renal artery constriction was earlier and greater in the one-kidney—one-clip model and the two-kidney—one-clip model with ureter of the contralateral kidney ligated than in the two-kidney—one-clip model. A single oral dose of captopril produced a greater fall in blood pressure in both the two-kidney models than in the one-kidney—one-clip group. 3. Plasma renin activity and renal renin content of the clipped kidney were higher in the two-kidney model rats, whether or not the ureter had been ligated, than in the one-kidney—one-clip model animals, although more than half the rats from the two-kidney model had normal values. There was a significant correlation between plasma renin activity and the response to captopril in all groups, whereas in none of the three groups was the correlation between plasma renin activity and blood pressure significant. 4. The clipped kidney had a higher renin content than did the contralateral kidney, and the weight of the ischaemic kidney was decreased compared with the contralateral kidney whether it was untouched or had its ureter ligated. The weight of the clipped kidney was in the order one-kidney—one-clip model > two-kidney—one-clip model with ureter of the contralateral kidney ligated > two-kidney—one-clip model. 5. It was concluded that the renin-angiotensin system was stimulated to the similar degree in some animals for the two-kidney—one-clip models, whether or not the ureter of the contralateral kidney had been ligated, compared with the one-kidney—one-clip animals. This finding suggests that the contralateral kidney can stimulate renin secretion and synthesis in the clipped kidney independently of Na+ excretion.

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AN UPDATE ON COAGULATING GLAND RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-PROSTAGLANDIN SYSTEM: A NEW HYPOTHESIS ON ITS RENIN FUNCTION

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17427 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Pallav Sengupta

Keyword(s):

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Reproductive Physiology ◽

Angiotensin System ◽

Renin Angiotensin ◽

System A ◽

Hypothetical Mechanism ◽

Anterior Prostate ◽

New Hypothesis ◽

Coagulating Gland ◽

Structural Aspects

After proper description of reproductive functions of rodent anterior prostate, coagulating gland (CG), by Moore and Gallagher in 1930, numerous papers have been published on this gland and its function in male fertility. It has also been known that it has a local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). But, the actual function of this system is not very clear, and even now-a-days, this gland is getting ignored in reproductive physiology research. Thus, this review article attempts to unearth the reproductive functions of this gland, with a hypothetical mechanism of CG renin function. We have reviewed the available literature published on this gland and correlated the fragmented information to unveil its importance. We have proposed a hypothetical mechanism (aided by self-designed schemes) of CG renin function along with its functional and structural aspects in reproductive physiology. Despite being ignored in modern research, CG has a very significant function in rodent reproduction and breeding. It has also a very significant role in regulation of local homeostasis by renin-angiotensin-prostaglandin system.Key words:laboratory rat; mice; accessory sex organs; coagulating gland; renin

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