Oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (Camelidae)

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Reynafarje ◽  
J. Faura ◽  
D. Villavicencio ◽  
A. Curaca ◽  
B. Reynafarje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Fetal Hemoglobin ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Blood Characteristics ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
2,3 Dpg

To clarify the mechanisms by which high-altitude Camelidae can adapt to hypoxia, the study of some blood characteristics were carried out in apacas and llamas. The results show that there is a peculiar dissociation curve of hemoglobin in alpacas which permits great affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at lung level and the release of oxygen at the tissue level with a facility similar to that in man. Fetal hemoglobin was found high in adult alpacas (55 percent). Electrophoretic studies of hemoglobin showed that this pigment has two components, both of which have a very low mobility. Lactic dehydrogenase was found six times higher than in humans. RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was two times higher than in man living at the same altitude. Myoglobin was found to be higher than in man living at altitude. Alpacas have erythrocytes in which the amount of 2,3-DPG is approximately the same as in man. RBC are more resistent to hypotonic solutions than humans. The amount of lactic dehydrogenase, myoglobin, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase dimishes when alpacas are bought down to sea level.

Altitude-induced erythrocytic 2,3-DPG and hemoglobin changes in rats of various ages

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Martin ◽  
J. M. Connors ◽  
J. J. McGrath ◽  
J. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Simulated High Altitude ◽  
Erythropoietic Response ◽  
2,3 Dpg

Rats of various ages (2, 12, 24, and 40 mo of age) were exposed for 4 wk to either a simulated high altitude of 23,000 ft or to a Peoria, Ill., altitude of 650 ft above sea level. Hematocrit ratios, hemoglobin, and erythrocytic 2,3-diphospho-glycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were measured. Hematocrit and hemoglobin determinations revealed a decrease in erythrocytic content with increasing age, and the augmented erythropoietic response was seen in all age groups of animals as a result of altitude exposure. The maximal erythrocytic content of hemoglobin in the 40-mo-old animals was significantly lower than that of all other age groups. Erythrocytic 2,3-DPG levels were significantly changed by aging alone. In the 40-mo-old group there was a 35% increase over the next highest sea-level value. However, while erythrocytic 2,3-DPG content increased significantly in all other age groups following altitude exposure, it decreased 46% in the 40-mo-old group.

Pulmonary circulation and oxygen transport in lambs at high altitude

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Reeves ◽  
Estelle B. Grover ◽  
Robert F. Grover
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Pulmonary Hemodynamics ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mixed Venous

The oxygen transport and pulmonary hemodynamics of lambs native to low altitude were evaluated in Denver and on Mount Evans (12,700 ft.). Because the Hb-O2 dissociation curve is placed well to the right of most other mammals, markedly depressed arterial O2 saturations (59%) occurred at high altitude. However, the lambs adapted remarkably well and showed normally rapid growth. The mixed venous Po2 was relatively well maintained, primarily by a narrowing of the A-V Po2 gradient to 11 mm Hg. Despite the marked hypoxemia, elevation of the pulmonary artery pressure was not a consistent finding, and when it occurred it was neither marked nor sustained. Submitted on June 6, 1962

scholarly journals The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude

2013 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia Y. Balaban ◽  
James Duffin ◽  
David Preiss ◽  
Alexandra Mardimae ◽  
Alex Vesely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Oxygen Transport System of High-Altitude Bird Embryos

Physiology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
CC Monge ◽  
F Leon-Velarde ◽  
C Carey
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Hypoxic Condition ◽  
Oxygen Transport System

In the absence of its mother's protection, a bird embryo incubated at high altitude must detect its hypoxic condition and regulate its oxygen transport so as to hatch and grow with the same efficiency as it would at sea level.

Maternal hyperventilation helps preserve arterial oxygenation during high-altitude pregnancy

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 690-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Moore ◽  
D. Jahnigen ◽  
S. S. Rounds ◽  
J. T. Reeves ◽  
R. F. Grover
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Arterial Oxygenation ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Arterial O2 Saturation ◽  
Blood Hemoglobin Concentration

We examined arterial oxygenation during pregnancy and 3 mo postpartum in 35 nonsmoking residents of Leadville, CO (elevation 3,100 m) to determine how well and by what mechanisms maternal arterial oxygenation was maintained during pregnancy at high altitude. Hyperventilation raised arterial O2 saturation above that in the nonpregnant state. Respiratory alkalosis persisted throughout pregnancy, shifting the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left, further facilitating O2 loading in the lung. However, a decrease in blood hemoglobin concentration and a slight increase in the alveolar-arterial O2 gradient in the late pregnancy caused the arterial O2 content to fall below that in the nonpregnant state. Compared to published sea level values, the Leadville women had higher ventilation and hemoglobin values, yielding arterial O2 contents as high as in pregnant women at sea level. Thus, ventilation and hemoglobin concentration were important variables contributing to O2 ttransport during pregnancy at high altitude.

scholarly journals The Oxygen Transport Triad in High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema: A Perspective from the High Andes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7619
Author(s):  
Gustavo Zubieta-Calleja ◽  
Natalia Zubieta-DeUrioste
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Tolerance To Hypoxia ◽  
Dynamic Pump

Acute high-altitude illnesses are of great concern for physicians and people traveling to high altitude. Our recent article “Acute Mountain Sickness, High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema and High-Altitude Cerebral Edema, a View from the High Andes” was questioned by some sea-level high-altitude experts. As a result of this, we answer some observations and further explain our opinion on these diseases. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) can be better understood through the Oxygen Transport Triad, which involves the pneumo-dynamic pump (ventilation), the hemo-dynamic pump (heart and circulation), and hemoglobin. The two pumps are the first physiologic response upon initial exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Hemoglobin is the balancing energy-saving time-evolving equilibrating factor. The acid-base balance must be adequately interpreted using the high-altitude Van Slyke correction factors. Pulse-oximetry measurements during breath-holding at high altitude allow for the evaluation of high altitude diseases. The Tolerance to Hypoxia Formula shows that, paradoxically, the higher the altitude, the more tolerance to hypoxia. In order to survive, all organisms adapt physiologically and optimally to the high-altitude environment, and there cannot be any “loss of adaptation”. A favorable evolution in HAPE and pulmonary hypertension can result from the oxygen treatment along with other measures.

scholarly journals Effect of high altitude on human placental amino acid transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen. R. Vaughan ◽  
Fredrick Thompson ◽  
Ramón. A. Lorca ◽  
Colleen G. Julian ◽  
Theresa L. Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
System A ◽  
Low Altitude

Women residing at high altitudes deliver infants of lower birth weight than at sea level. Birth weight correlates with placental system A-mediated amino acid transport capacity, and severe environmental hypoxia reduces system A activity in isolated trophoblast and the mouse placenta. However, the effect of high altitude on human placental amino acid transport remains unknown. We hypothesized that microvillous membrane (MVM) system A and system L amino acid transporter activity is lower in placentas of women living at high altitude compared with low-altitude controls. Placentas were collected at term from healthy pregnant women residing at high altitude (HA; >2,500 m; n = 14) or low altitude (LA; <1,700 m; n = 14) following planned, unlabored cesarean section. Birth weight, but not placenta weight, was 13% lower in HA pregnancies (2.88 ± 0.11 kg) compared with LA (3.30 ± 0.07 kg, P < 0.01). MVM erythropoietin receptor abundance, determined by immunoblot, was greater in HA than in LA placentas, consistent with lower placental oxygen levels at HA. However, there was no effect of altitude on MVM system A or L activity, determined by Na+-dependent [14C]methylaminoisobutyric acid uptake and [3H]leucine uptake, respectively. MVM abundance of glucose transporters (GLUTs) 1 and 4 and basal membrane GLUT4 were also similar in LA and HA placentas. Low birth weights in the neonates of women residing at high altitude are not a consequence of reduced placental amino acid transport capacity. These observations are in general agreement with studies of IUGR babies at low altitude, in which MVM system A activity is downregulated only in growth-restricted babies with significant compromise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Babies born at high altitude are smaller than at sea level. Birth weight is dependent on growth in utero and, in turn, placental nutrient transport. We determined amino acid transport capacity in placentas collected from women resident at low and high altitude. Altitude did not affect system A amino acid transport across the syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membrane, suggesting that impaired placental amino acid transport does not contribute to reduced birth weight in this high-altitude population.

Body water metabolism in high altitude natives during and after a stay at sea level

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Jain ◽  
Jaya Bardhan ◽  
Y. V. Swamy ◽  
A. Grover ◽  
H. S. Nayar
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
High Altitude Natives
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