scholarly journals Color Processing in Macaque Striate Cortex: Relationships to Ocular Dominance, Cytochrome Oxidase, and Orientation

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 3126-3137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole E. Landisman ◽  
Daniel Y. Ts'o
Keyword(s):  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Color Processing ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Ice Cube ◽  
Color Selectivity ◽  
Luminance Stimulus

We located clusters of color-selective neurons in macaque striate cortex, as mapped with optical imaging and confirmed with electrophysiological recordings. By comparing responses to an equiluminant red/green stimulus versus a high-contrast luminance stimulus, we were able to reveal a patchy distribution of color selectivity. Other color imaging protocols, when compared with electrophysiological data, did not reliably indicate the location of functional structures. The imaged color patches were compared with other known functional subdivisions of striate cortex. There was a high degree of overlap of the color patches with the cytochrome-oxidase (CO) blobs. The patches were often larger than a single blob in size, however, and in some instances spanned two neighboring blobs. More than one-half (56%) of the color-selective patches seen in optical imaging were not confined to one ocular dominance (OD) column. Almost one-quarter of color patches (23%) extended across OD columns to encompass two blobs of different eye preference. We also compared optical images of orientation selectivity to maps of color selectivity. Results indicate that the layout of orientation and color selectivity are not directly related. Specifically, despite having similar scales and distributions, the maps of orientation and color selectivity were not in consistent alignment or registration. Further, we find that the maps of color selectivity and of orientation are each only loosely related to maps of OD. This description stands in contrast to a common depiction of color-selective regions as identical to CO blobs, appearing as pegs in the centers of OD columns in the classical “ice cube” model. These results concerning the pattern of color selectivity in V1 support the view (put forth in previous imaging studies of the organization of orientation and ocular dominance) that there is not a fundamental registration of functional hypercolumns in V1.

Color Processing in Macaque Striate Cortex: Electrophysiological Properties

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 3138-3151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole E. Landisman ◽  
Daniel Y. Ts'O
Keyword(s):  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Color Patch ◽  
Color Processing ◽  
Color Properties ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Color Opponency ◽  
One To One ◽  
Highly Correlated

We have shown in the accompanying paper that optical imaging of macaque striate cortex reveals patches that are preferentially activated by equiluminant chromatic gratings compared with luminance gratings. These imaged color patches are highly correlated, although not always in one-to-one correspondence, with the cytochrome-oxidase (CO) blobs. In the present study, we have investigated the electrophysiological properties of neurons in the imaged color patches and the CO blobs. Our results indicate that individual blobs tend to contain cells of only one type of color opponency: either red/green or blue/yellow. Individual imaged color patches, however, can bridge blobs of similar opponency or differing opponency. When imaged color patches contain two blobs of differing opponency, the cells in the bridge region exhibit mixed color properties that are not opponent along the two cardinal color axes (either red/green or blue/yellow). Two blobs within a single imaged color patch receive input from the same eye or from different eyes. In the latter case, the bridge region between blobs contains binocular cells that are color selective. Because the cells recorded in imaged color patches were more color selective and unoriented than cells outside of color patches, color properties appear to be organized in a clustered and segregated fashion in primate V1.

scholarly journals The Expression Patterns of Cytochrome Oxidase and Immediate-Early Genes Show Absence of Ocular Dominance Columns in the Striate Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys Following Monocular Inactivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuiyu Li ◽  
Songping Yao ◽  
Qiuying Zhou ◽  
Toru Takahata
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Immediate Early Genes ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Ocular Dominance Columns ◽  
Early Genes ◽  
Layer 4

Because at least some squirrel monkeys lack ocular dominance columns (ODCs) in the striate cortex (V1) that are detectable by cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry, the functional importance of ODCs on stereoscopic 3-D vision has been questioned. However, conventional CO histochemistry or trans-synaptic tracer study has limited capacity to reveal cortical functional architecture, whereas the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs), c-FOS and ZIF268, is more directly responsive to neuronal activity of cortical neurons to demonstrate ocular dominance (OD)-related domains in V1 following monocular inactivation. Thus, we wondered whether IEG expression would reveal ODCs in the squirrel monkey V1. In this study, we first examined CO histochemistry in V1 of five squirrel monkeys that were subjected to monocular enucleation or tetrodotoxin (TTX) treatment to address whether there is substantial cross-individual variation as reported previously. Then, we examined the IEG expression of the same V1 tissue to address whether OD-related domains are revealed. As a result, staining patterns of CO histochemistry were relatively homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1. IEG expression was also moderate and homogeneous throughout layer 4 of V1 in all cases. On the other hand, the IEG expression was patchy in accordance with CO blobs outside layer 4, particularly in infragranular layers, although they may not directly represent OD clusters. Squirrel monkeys remain an exceptional species among anthropoid primates with regard to OD organization, and thus are potentially good subjects to study the development and function of ODCs.

The 11th J. A. F. Stevenson Memorial Lecture: Blobs and color vision

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1433-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Hubel ◽  
Margaret S. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Color Constancy ◽  
Orientation Selectivity ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Spectral Content

When the monkey striate cortex is stained for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase a polka-dot pattern of patches or blobs is observed in layers 2 and 3 and more faintly in layers 5 and 6. In the macaque these blobs are aligned along the centers of ocular dominance columns. Cells within blobs lack the orientation selectivity and instead have the simpler concentric center-surround fields common in geniculate cells. Blob cells are specifically concerned with color and in particular with maintaining color constancy despite marked changes in the spectral content of the light source.

Rapid identification of ocular dominance columns in macaques using cytochrome oxidase, Zif268, and dark-field microscopy

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN C. HORTON ◽  
DAVINA R. HOCKING ◽  
DANIEL L. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Ocular Dominance Columns ◽  
Monocular Enucleation ◽  
Dark Field Illumination ◽  
Abnormal Pattern

Strabismus induces an abnormal pattern of alternating light and dark columns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in macaque striate cortex. This pattern may arise because visual perception is suppressed in one eye to avoid diplopia. To test whether CO activity is reduced in the ocular dominance columns of the suppressed eye, we performed monocular enucleation to co-label the ocular dominance columns with Zif268 immunohistochemistry in seven exotropic adult Macaca fascicularis. This approach was unsuccessful, for two reasons. First, Zif268 yielded inconsistent labelling, that was usually greater in the enucleated eye's ocular dominance columns, but was sometimes greater in the intact eye's columns. Therefore, Zif268 was not a reliable method for identifying the ocular dominance columns serving each eye. Second, in three control animals we found that a brief survival period following monocular enucleation (needed for Zif268 levels to change) was long enough to alter CO staining. For example, a survival time of only 3 h was sufficient to induce CO columns, indicating that the activity of this enzyme fluctuates more rapidly than realized previously. Independent of these findings, we have also discovered that acute monocular enucleation produces a vivid pattern of ocular dominance columns visible in unstained or CO-stained sections under dark-field illumination. The ocular dominance columns of the acutely enucleated eye appear dark. This was verified by labelling the ocular dominance columns with [3H]proline. Dark-field illumination of the cortex after acute monocular enucleation offers a new, easy method for identifying the ocular dominance columns in macaques.

Mapping of cytochrome oxidase patches and ocular dominance columns in human visual cortex

1984 ◽  
Vol 304 (1119) ◽  
pp. 255-272 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Body ◽  
Ocular Dominance Columns ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Activity ◽  
Transneuronal Degeneration

The cytochrome oxidase stain was applied to autopsy specimens of human brain. In primary visual cortex patches of darker enzyme staining were present in layers II, III, IV b, V, and VI. The patches were oval, about 400 by 250 µm, with a density of one patch per 0.6-0.8 mm 2 of cortex. They were organized into rows spaced about 1 mm apart, intersecting the 17-18 border at right angles. The patches also stained preferentially for AChE activity. The lateral geniculate body was examined in two patients who died many years after losing one eye as adults. In atrophied laminae cytochrome oxidase activity was severely reduced. In the visual cortex from three cases after monocular enucleation, regular alternating light and dark columns of cytochrome oxidase activity were visible in layer IV c, presumably corresponding to ocular dominance columns. In two cases their pattern was reconstructed over 200-400 mm 2 of striate cortex. The columns appeared as roughly parallel slabs about 1 mm wide, oriented perpendicular to the 17-18 border as in the macaque. In the upper layers light and dark rows of patches were present, which fit in register with the light and dark ocular dominance columns below. In layer IV the ocular dominance columns were also visible in Nissl stained sections as a consequence of secondary anterograde transneuronal degeneration. Darker Nissl stained columns matched lighter cytochrome oxidase stained columns corresponding to the missing eye. Quantitative measurements demonstrated a 10% loss of mean cell area and 35% increase in cell density in ocular dominance columns belonging to the missing eye, which accounts for their darker appearance in the Nissl stain. Patches were not present in a foetus at six months gestation. However, they were clearly formed in a six month old baby, although they appeared smaller and more closely spaced than in the adult. These results show that patches are present in man, in addition to other primates, although they appear proportionately larger. Ocular dominance columns are also present, in common with certain species of primates like the macaque, baboon and galago. Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry promises to be a useful technique for mapping anatomical features of the human brain post mortem .

Effect of early monocular enucleation upon ocular dominance columns and cytochrome oxidase activity in monkey and human visual cortex

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN C. HORTON ◽  
DAVINA R. HOCKING
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Silver Stain ◽  
Ocular Dominance Columns ◽  
Monocular Enucleation ◽  
Suitable Technique

We examined cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in striate cortex of four macaque monkeys after monocular enucleation at ages 1, 1, 5, and 12 weeks. These animal experiments were performed to guide our interpretation of CO patterns in occipital lobe specimens obtained from two children who died several years after monocular enucleation during infancy for tumor. In the macaques, the ocular dominance columns were labelled by injecting [3H]proline into the remaining eye. After enucleation at age 1 week, ocular dominance columns were eliminated in layer IVcβ, resulting in a uniform pattern of autoradiographic label and CO staining. However, columns could still be seen in wet, unstained sections and with the Liesegang silver stain. Autoradiographs through layers IVcα and IVa showed residual, shrunken columns belonging to the missing eye, indicating that enucleation has less drastic effects in these layers. In the two human cases, enucleation at age 1 week also resulted in uniform CO staining in layer IVc. In the macaque after enucleation at age 5 weeks, ocular dominance columns belonging to the missing eye were severely narrowed, but still occupied 20% of layer IVcβ. CO revealed wide, dark columns alternating with thin, pale columns in layer IVcβ. The CO pattern and the columns labelled by autoradiography matched perfectly. After enucleation at age 12 weeks, only mild shrinkage of ocular dominance columns occurred. Enucleation at ages 1, 5, and 12 weeks did not alter the pattern of thin-pale–thick-pale stripes in V2. The main findings from this study were that (1) CO histochemistry accurately labels the boundaries of columns in layer IVcβ of macaque striate cortex after early monocular enucleation, making it a suitable technique for defining the critical period for plasticity of ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex; (2) enucleation causes more severe shrinkage of ocular dominance columns than eyelid suture; (3) early monocular enucleation obliterates ocular dominance columns in layer IVcβ, but their pattern remains visible in wet sections and with the Liesegang stain; and (4) enucleation does not affect CO staining in V2.

Organisation and Interrelationships of Functional Maps in Cat and Monkey Striate Cortex

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 356-356
Author(s):  
D Shoham ◽  
M Hübener ◽  
T Bonhoeffer ◽  
A Grinvald
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Domains

Optical imaging of intrinsic signals allows mapping of the cortical functional architecture in vivo at high spatial resolution. The ability to image activity patterns evoked by many different stimuli in the same piece of cortex can provide information on the spatial relationships between different functional maps. Our findings on the organisation of multiple functional maps in cat and monkey striate cortex are reviewed. The main focus is on the recent finding in cat of two subsystems differing in their response to spatiotemporal aspects of the stimulus. We used grating stimuli of different spatial frequencies in an attempt to verify the existence of spatial frequency columns in cat area 17. Rather than observing a map of continuously changing spatial frequency across the cortical surface we found two distinct sets of domains, one preferring low and one preferring high spatial frequencies. By using different drift velocities we also found that the low-spatial-frequency domains preferred higher speeds than the high-spatial-frequency domains. Comparison of these spatiotemporal frequency domains with the cytochrome oxidase staining pattern revealed that the cytochrome oxidase blobs in cat striate cortex coincide with domains devoted to the processing of the low-spatial-frequency and high-temporal-frequency contents of the visual scene. Together with recent anatomical results these data suggest that spatiotemporal frequency domains are the manifestation of parallel streams in cat visual cortex with distinct patterns of thalamic inputs and extrastriate projections. In the same experiments we also imaged the orientation preference and ocular dominance maps. We investigated the relationships between these three columnar systems, and compared them to an earlier study of orientation, ocular dominance, and blobs in macaque striate cortex. We found systematic relationships between the three systems. While some of these relationships were much weaker than those found in monkey, the organisational principles are similar.

Pattern of ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex in strabismic amblyopia

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Horton ◽  
Davina R. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Optic Disc ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Strabismic Amblyopia ◽  
Ocular Dominance Columns ◽  
Ischemic Infarct ◽  
History Of ◽  
Accommodative Esotropia ◽  
The Right

AbstractPrevious experiments in animals have shown that early unilateral eyelid suture, a model of amblyopia induced by cataract, causes shrinkage of ocular dominance columns serving the deprived eye in the striate cortex. It is unknown whether the ocular dominance columns are affected in amblyopia produced by strabismus. We examined specimens of striate cortex obtained postmortem from a 79-year-old woman with a history of amblyopia in her left eye (20/800) since age 2 from accommodative esotropia. Four years prior to her death, she suffered an ischemic infarct of the left optic disc. This injury to the left optic disc made it possible to label the ocular dominance columns using cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. The pattern of ocular dominance columns was reconstructed throughout most of the right striate cortex. No shrinkage of columns was found. In the left cortex only half the column mosaic was labelled, because the patient had some residual vision in the temporal retina of her left eye. The columns within the labelled portion of the overall mosaic appeared normal. These findings indicate that shrinkage of ocular dominance columns does not occur in humans with amblyopia caused by accommodative esotropia. The ocular dominance columns are probably no longer susceptible to shrinkage at the age when most children with this condition begin to develop amblyopia.

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