scholarly journals Two-Level Credit Financing for Noninstantaneous Deterioration Items in a Supply Chain with Downstream Credit-Linked Demand

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong He ◽  
Hongfu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Financing Policy ◽  
Sensitive Analysis ◽  
Eoq Model ◽  
Replenishment Cycle ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
Delay In Payments ◽  
Optimal Ordering ◽  
Total Average

Trade credit financing is a useful tool in business today, which can be characterized as the agreement between supply chain members such as permissible delay in payments. In this study, we assume that the items have the property of noninstantaneous deterioration and the demand is a function of downstream credit. Then, an EOQ model for noninstantaneous deterioration is built based on the two-level financing policy. The purpose of this paper is to maximize the total average profit by determine the optimal downstream credit period, the optimal replenishment cycle length, and the optimal ordering quantity per cycle. Useful theorems are proposed to characterize the method of obtaining the optimal solutions. Based on the theorems, an algorithm is designed, and numerical tests and sensitive analysis are provided. Lastly, according to the sensitive analysis, managerial insights are proposed.

scholarly journals Learning EOQ Model with Trade-Credit Financing Policy for Imperfect Quality Items under Cloudy Fuzzy Environment

Mathematics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Mahesh Kumar Jayaswal ◽  
Mandeep Mittal ◽  
Osama Abdulaziz Alamri ◽  
Faizan Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Trade Credit ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Defective Items ◽  
Financing Policy ◽  
Eoq Model ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Demand Rate ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
Quantity Sensitivity

An imprecise demand rate creates problems in profit optimization in business scenarios. The aim is to nullify the imprecise nature of the demand rate with the help of the cloudy fuzzy method. Traditionally, all items in an ordered lot are presumed to be of good quality. However, the delivered lot may contain some defective items, which may occur during production or maintenance. Inspection of an ordered lot is indispensable in most organizations and can be treated as a type of learning. The learning demonstration, a statistical development expressing declining cost, is necessary to achieve any cyclical process. Further, defective items are sold immediately after the screening process as a single lot at a discounted price, and the fraction of defective items follows an S-shaped learning curve. The trade-credit policy is adequate for suppliers and retailers to maximize their profit during business. In this paper, an inventory model is developed with learning and trade-credit policy under the cloudy fuzzy environment where the demand rate is treated as a cloudy fuzzy number. Finally, the retailer’s total profit is maximized with respect to order quantity. Sensitivity analysis is presented to estimate the robustness of the model.

scholarly journals Two echelon partial trade credit financing in a supply chain derived algebraically

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Jaggi ◽  
Mona Verma
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Algebraic Approach ◽  
Inventory Problem ◽  
Partial Trade Credit ◽  
Ordering Policy ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
Optimal Ordering Policy ◽  
Optimal Ordering

Trade credit financing has become a powerful tool to improve sales & profit in an industry. In general, a supplier/retailer frequently offers trade credit to its credit risk downstream member in order to stimulate their respective sales. This trade credit may either be full or partial depending upon the past profile of the downstream member. Partial trade credit may be offered by the supplier/retailer to their credit risk downstream member who must pay a portion of the purchase amount at the time of placing an order and then receives a permissible delay on the rest of the outstanding amount to avoid non-payment risks. The present study investigates the retailer?s inventory problem under partial trade credit financing for two echelon supply chain where the supplier, as well as the retailer, offers partial trade credit to the subsequent downstream member. An algebraic approach has been applied for finding the retailer?s optimal ordering policy under minimizing the annual total relevant cost. Results have been validated with the help of examples followed by comprehensive sensitivity analysis.

Retailer’s Operational Decision Based on EOQ Model with Upstream Flexible Two-Part Trade Credit and Downstream Partial Trade Credit

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150006
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Jinwu Gao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Credit Period ◽  
Eoq Model ◽  
Partial Trade Credit ◽  
Purchase Cost ◽  
Cash Discount ◽  
Optimal Ordering

Flexible two-part trade credit is widely used in supply chain, however, there is scant research about inventory management engaged in flexible two-part trade credit strategy. This paper bridges this gap and studies a new two-level trade credit based on an EOQ model in which the supplier provides flexible two-part trade credit to the retailer and the retailer provides partial trade credit to its customer. We adopt a convex optimization method to obtain retailer’s optimal operational decision (i.e., the optimal ordering cycle, the optimal fraction of purchase cost that paid in advance, and the optimal credit period for its downstream customer). Moreover, we design a numerical algorithm to solve this model computationally. We find that: (1) the retailer is not sensitive to small cash discount provided by the supplier; (2) the length of credit period in flexible two-part trade credit strategy will affect the customer and retailer: the shorter one influences the retailer’s behavior, but not the customer’s; the longer one influences the customer’s behavior, but not the retailer’s; (3) the retailer can control its risk through partial trade credit.

Fuzzy-Based EOQ Model With Credit Financing and Backorders Under Human Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-36
Author(s):  
Mahesh Kumar Jayaswal ◽  
Mandeep Mittal ◽  
Isha Sangal ◽  
Jayanti Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Trade Credit ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Credit Period ◽  
Eoq Model ◽  
Triangular Numbers ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
Fuzzy Cost ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, an inventory model has been developed with trade credit financing and back orders under human learning. In this model, it is considered that the seller provides a credit period to his buyer to settle the account and the buyer accepts the credit period policy with certain terms and conditions. The impact of learning and credit financing on the size of the lot and the corresponding cost has been presented. For the development of the model, demand and lead times have been taken as the fuzzy triangular numbers are fuzzified, and then learning has been done in the fuzzy numbers. First of all, the consideration of constant fuzziness is relaxed, and then the concept of learning in fuzzy under credit financing is joined with the representation, assuming that the degree of fuzziness reduces over the planning horizon. Finally, the expected total fuzzy cost function is minimized with respect to order quantity and number of shipments under credit financing and learning effect. Lastly, sensitive analysis has been presented as a consequence of some numerical examples.

Optimal decisions and coordination strategy of a capital-constrained supply chain under customer return and supplier subsidy

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gongbing Bi ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Yalei Fei
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Initial Capital ◽  
Joint Operations ◽  
Fixed Proportion ◽  
Customer Returns ◽  
Credit Financing

Purpose The purpose of the paper is to explore impacts of financing and supplier subsidy on capital-constrained retailer and the value of returns subsidy contract under a situation where the retailer makes joint operations and finance decisions. Design/methodology/approach This paper considers a two-level supply chain, including a retailer and a supplier. Facing problems of capital constraints and even customer returns, the newsvendor-like retailer orders from a well-capitalized supplier. The supplier allows the retailer a delay in payment and provides a subsidy contract to alleviate its problems if it is profitable. Considering their difference of initial capital status, the retailer is assumed to be Follower of Stackelberg Game and the supplier is the Leader. Findings The supplier return subsidy contract has some merits for both of partners in the chain. And it does not coordinate the supply chain when the retailer has enough initial capital; however, when the retailer is capital constrained, it does. In addition, the retailer’s initial capital level significantly affects the supplier’s subsidy decision. Research limitations/implications Return rate is simplified to a fixed proportion of completed demand. In addition, trade credit is only financing source in this paper, and other types of financing methods, such as bank credit, can be taken too. Originality/value This paper first incorporates trade credit financing and customer returns into a modeling framework to investigate the capital-constrained retailer’s joint operations and finance decisions and the value of supplier’s subsidy contract.

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