The Role of Wine Buyouts in the Formation of the Initial Capital of the Russian Entrepreneurship of the XIX century: on the Example of D. E. Benardaki

Introduction. The entrepreneurial activity in history has passed a very long distance in the course of its evolutionary development. At each of the stages of its development, it possessed very specific features and qualities that directly depended on a number of various factors. These factors include: the level of development of productive forces, the nature of various (socio-economic, production, political) relationships, forms of ownership and their changes. Materials and Methods. Comparative historical, chronological and genealogical research methods were used, the principles of objectivity and historicism were observed. Results. By the time the lease system was canceled, the period of initial capital accumulation for the former leaseholders was over. Discussion and Conclusion. One of the main stages in the development of Russian entrepreneurship falls on the first half of the 19th century. At this time, directly related to the beginning and development of the industrial revolution, there was a significant acceleration of the processes of initial capital accumulation. This process was based on various forms and types of trade and intermediary activities within the developing the all-Russian market.

Mathematical model in the banking on the ex ample of simple percentage

Mathematical modeling is the description of the reality in the language of the mathematics and formal logic which creates symbols, mathematical relation and also strictly determined rules of employing them (Jaworski, Micał 2005). This article is devoted to the structure of the model describing the process of increasing the capital value within the time which basis constitutes the calculations based on the rule of simple percentage. In its content are determined the chosen, basic terms associated with the financial activity of the bank (including interest rate, interest, discount). Mathematical models are also discussed enabling to count: the final capital for the initial capital with the fixed annual interest rate for the set time, the initial capital which generated the determined final capital with the fixed annual interest rate for the set time, the interest rate on the basis of the initial and final capital after certain time, the initial value of the loan for the amount of the payoff within the fixed discount rate within the certain time, the value of the commercial discount for one year on the basis of the initial value of the loan and the amount of its payoff. The presented content will supply the reader with the knowledge in calculations applied in the banks associated with the simple percentage. The article constitutes the example of combination of the theoretical knowledge with the practice and it also shows how important mathematical modeling is in the modern world.

Meme and cyber sexism: Habitus and symbolic violence of patriarchy on the Internet

This study examines the various sexist practices on the Internet called cyber sexism. The Internet seems to become a new world for patriarchal domination. The amount of content, comments, and memes circulating on the Internet and social media, such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp harassing women, is proof of the patriarchal power on the Internet. This study used a qualitative method with a feminist perspective, collecting memes through Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. The memes were then reviewed and interpreted to find their meaning. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s habitus theory and symbolic violence, memes were analyzed to find the factors that cause sexism against women and the logical link between sexist practices in the real world and cyber sexism on the Internet. Results indicate that people’s habitus about patriarchy has become a mental structure of society that influences stereotyped behavior and gender bias and plays an important role in sexism on the Internet. The Internet, as an arena, has become the initial capital for men to dominate. Naming and mentioning women in various memes are the forms of symbolic violence against them that form new sexist habitus on the Internet.

Potensi Ekonomi Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan di Desa Tambakrejo Kecamatan Jombang Kabupaten Jombang

This study aims to 1) find out the form of yardland use 2) find out the amount of initial capital used in the utilization of yardland 3) find out how much the contribution of yardland use in addition to household economic income. This research was conducted in Tambakrejo Village, Jombang District, Jombang Regency, using purposive sampling from February to June 2021. The number of samples in this study amounted to 96 respondents. This study shows 1) the form of utilization of yardland conducted by the community is covering agriculture/plantations, farms, and other business entities 2) The amount of capital used in the utilization of yardland starting from Rp. 500.000,. – Rp. 1.500.000,. 3) The utilization of yardland contributes to improving the household economy and daily needs.

The Success of Managing Participating Interest (PI) in Cepu Block in Increasing Regional Revenue InEast Java

The Cepu Block is one of the largest national oil and gas producers. State revenue from the oil and gas sector in the Cepu Block can also be used to increase revenue from oil and gas producing regions in East Java. This is based on PP. 35/2004 that regulates oil and gas contractors' obligations to offer 10% of Participating Interest (PI) to Regional-Owned Enterprises (BUMD). However, in reality, not all regions are ready to participate in PI financing due to regional financial limitations. PI of Cepu Block has been realized since 2009 where PT Petrogas Jawa Timur Utama Cendana (PJUC) became one of the four BUMD that assigned to manage the PI of 2.243% with share rights. Initially, PT Petrogas Jawa Timur Utama Cendana used the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scheme with PT Raharja Energy Cepu (REC) as the initial capital for joining in Participating Interest (PI) of the Cepu Block. Thus, this paper will discuss PI management's success in the Cepu Block, starting from the preparation, procedures for bidding and transferring PIs to the formation of the BKS PI 10% Cepu Block. PJUC utilize part of the funds obtained from PI 10% to manage various business fields. With good management, PJUC has successfully gained USD 3.5 billion profit in 2020 and has successfully paid off its debts, and has become one of the BUMD with a large contribution of local revenue East Java Province. Having PJUC debt paid off, revenue in 2021 will reach around USD 13 billion. BUMD's exists to managing the Cepu Block oil and gas working area through the 10% of Participating Interest that provides an increase in regional revenue for East Java. It increases BUMD's knowledge in managing oil and gas blocks as a non-operator contractor. Then, Participating Interest can be creating transparency in lifting, reserves, and cost recovery. Besides, the regional-owned enterprise can also help facilitate or accelerate issuing permits needed in the regions and help implement cooperation contract activities in the areas.

Control Mechanisms in Credit Management of Motorcycle Dealers in Camarines Norte, Philippines

This research assessed the control mechanisms in credit management of motorcycle dealers in Camarines Norte. Specific information were gathered pertaining to the profile of motorcycle dealers in terms of initial capital investment, length of business operation, average annual sales, average annual installment sales, number of employees assigned in collection, and training attended by collection personnel ; credit management employed by motorcycle dealers; level of assessment on the control mechanisms in credit management; and the significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and their level of assessment. Findings revealed that most of the respondents have at least five million and above initial capital investment with at least one million average annual installment sales. Also, their dealership business had been existing for ten years already with three to five personnel in-charge in the collection of payments, and been given the opportunity to attend to relevant trainings for at least three to five times a year. Accordingly, credit investigation and item repossession policy are among the commonly employed and existing credit management policies of the motor dealers. Further, the credit management’s control mechanisms along credit, billing, collection and imposition of penalties are highly observed by the motor dealers. The hypothesis when tested revealed a significant positive relationship which suggest that as the number of trainings attended by employees increases their level of assessment on the control mechanism in credit management in terms of collection also increases. The study strongly recommends regular conduct of training to personnel in-charge in collection, the adoption of computerization in recording transactions and giving of incentives to personnel who have reached the collection quota.

Determinants of Enterprise Performance in Uganda’s Tourism Sector: Does Gender Matter?

The paper looks at the relationship between the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the tourism sector of Uganda and firm characteristics and business environment. Data were gathered after administering questionnaires to 1690 SMEs located around tourist attractions throughout the country in 2018. The study uses quantile regression to analyze the determinants of firm performance. The findings indicate that entrepreneur/managers education, business experience, initial capital, business registration and age of the owner are important in explaining enterprise performance. We also find that male managed enterprises outperform those managed by female. The study suggests that providing easy access to credit for initial capital and easing the business registration process and training entrepreneurs/managers will increase performance of SMEs in the tourism industry.

Risk control mechanisms of third-party guarantee when financing newsvendor

Two risk control mechanisms, namely, cash deposit, and loan limits based on retained profit or maximum expected guarantor profit, are developed for capital-constrained newsvendor financing. Results show that with a large initial capital or mortgage asset, the newsvendor reduces the order quantity to avoid bankruptcy risk. Under the risk control mechanism with a cash deposit, the guarantor gains greater profit when the newsvendor has a low initial capital. Setting a loan limit is thus an effective mechanism for newsvendors to not only reduce the bankruptcy risk, but also increase the guarantee profit. Numerical experiments also show that, compared with the risk control mechanism based on maximum expected profit, loan limits based on retained profit is more beneficial for the newsvendor, guarantee, and the bank.

Optimal Operation and Financing Decisions in Green Supply Chain with a Capital-Constrained Manufacturer

Capital constraint, immensely existing in practice, became major stressors for manufacturers during the green research and development (R & D) triggered by managers integrating green concept into their business models. Considering the initial capital of a capital-constrained manufacturer, this paper formulates a Stackelberg game model comprising a manufacturer and a retailer, to discuss the optimal operation and financing decisions under the bank financing channel and trade credit financing channel, to detect the relationship between the manufacturer’s initial capital and green R & D investment, and to find which financing channel is better by comparing the two financing channels when the same initial capital is set. According to the above analysis, the results find that the capital-constrained manufacturer prefers financing only when meeting certain conditions. Furthermore, financing might be detrimental to the manufacturer but always beneficial to the retailer. Especially, under trade credit financing channel, the profit improvement of the retailer is higher than the manufacturer in the same financing channel, which suggests that the retailer has strong internal motivation to cooperate with the manufacturer from the perspective of financing.

Analysis of Profits and Break Even Point of Jamnapari Goat Farming

This study discusses profits and break even point of jamnapari goat farming. Goat and sheep husbandry offers an excellent image that may demonstrate how it might promote a wide range of economic activity. Goats are simple to breed, need little initial capital, require little animal feed, and are easily adapted to their surroundings. The goat is a kind of animal that provides many advantages to the society. Goats are an alternate source of revenue for goat farming businesses looking to expand their operations. The Jamnapari Crossbred goat is a kind of indigenous goat that has strong development potential and may help to boost the income of the surrounding area's farmers. Diversification (multi-commodity farming) is an alternative to carrying out business efficiency on relatively fixed land areas while increasing productivity.