scholarly journals The Levels and Duration of Sensory and Motor Blockades of Spinal Anesthesia in Obese Patients That Underwent Urological Operations in the Lithotomy Position

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taner Ciftci ◽  
Ali Bestemi Kepekci ◽  
Hatice Pınar Yavasca ◽  
Hayrettin Daskaya ◽  
Volkan İnal
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Spinal Block ◽  
Lithotomy Position ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Nonobese Patients ◽  
Transurethral Prostate Resection

Obesity has a significant effect on the cephalic spread of a spinal block (SB) due to a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). SB is controlled by the tissue blood flow in addition to the CSF. Some positions and techniques of surgery used can cause changes in hemodynamics. We investigated effects of hemodynamic changes that may occur during Transurethral prostate resection (TUR-P) and lithotomy position (LP) at the SB level in obese versus nonobese individuals. Sixty patients who had undergone TUR-P operation under spinal anesthesia were divided into a nonobese (BMI<25 kg/m2, Group N) or obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2, Group O) group. SB assessments were recorded afterthe LP. SB at 6 and 120 min and the peak SB level were compared between two groups. Hemodynamics were recorded after LP. Peak and 6 min SB levels were similar between the groups, while 120 min SB levels were significantly higher for Group O (P<0.05). Blood pressure (BP) after the LP was significantly higher for Group N (P<0.05). LP and TUR-P increased the BP in Group N when compared to Group O. The increase in hemodynamics enhances the blood flow in the spinal cord and may form similar SB levels in nonobese patients to those in obese patients. However, SB time may be longer in obese patients.

Renal hemodynamic changes during serial seizures in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. H1508-H1513
Author(s):  
R. M. Zweifler ◽  
E. M. Slaven ◽  
L. L. Rihn ◽  
J. C. Magee ◽  
N. R. Kreisman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Denervation ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Early Seizures

Renal blood flow (RBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were measured during serially induced seizures in anesthetized paralyzed rats to investigate possible alterations in hemodynamic responses during experimental status epilepticus. During initial seizures, MABP increased from 143 to 193 mmHg, and RBF decreased from 4.8 to 1.5 ml/min. In contrast, MABP fell from 124 to 100 mmHg and RBF dropped from 3.6 to 2.8 ml/min during late seizures. The large decreases in RBF during initial seizures were blocked by renal denervation or bilateral adrenalectomy. During the period of late seizures, both the increase in MABP and the decrease in RBF in response to intravenous boluses of norepinephrine fell to 55% of the preseizure value. Our data indicate that the marked decreases in RBF during early seizures can be mediated by either the renal nerves or the adrenal glands. Furthermore, decreased sensitivity of the vasculature to norepinephrine likely contributes to the diminution of both MABP and RBF responses during later seizures.

scholarly journals Decrease in heart rates by artificial CO2 hot spring bathing is inhibited by β1-adrenoceptor blockade in anesthetized rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Hashimoto ◽  
Noriyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Arterial Blood

To investigate the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) hot spring baths on physiological functions, head-out immersion of urethane-anesthetized, fursheared male Wistar rats was performed. Animals were immersed in water (30 or 35°C) with high-CO2 content (∼1,000 parts/million; CO2-water). CO2-water for bathing was made by using an artificial spa maker with normal tap water and high-pressure CO2 from a gas cylinder. When a human foot was immersed for 10 min in the CO2-water at 35°C, the immersed skin reddened, whereas skin color did not change in normal tap water at the same temperature. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), underwater skin tissue blood flow, and temperatures of the colon and immersed skin were continuously measured while animals were immersed in a bathtub of water for ∼30 min at room temperature (26°C). Immersed skin vascular resistance, computed from blood pressure and tissue blood flow, was significantly lower in the CO2-water bath than in tap water at 30°C, but no differences were apparent at 35°C. HR of rats in CO2-water was significantly slower than in tap water at 35°C. Decreased HR in CO2-water was inhibited by infusion of atenolol (β1-adrenoceptor blocker), but it was unaffected by atropine (muscarinic cholinoceptor blocker). Theses results suggest that bradycardia in CO2 hot spring bathing is caused by inhibition of the cardiac sympathetic innervation. This CO2-water maker should prove a useful device for acquiring physiological evidence of balneotherapy.

Nocturnal variations in peripheral blood flow, systemic blood pressure, and heart rate in humans

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (4) ◽  
pp. H982-H988
Author(s):  
J. H. Sindrup ◽  
J. Kastrup ◽  
H. Christensen ◽  
B. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Peripheral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood

Subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow rate, together with systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate under ambulatory conditions, was measured in the lower legs of 15 normal human subjects for 12-20 h. The 133Xe-washout technique, portable CdTe(Cl) detectors, and a portable data storage unit were used for measurement of blood flow rates. An automatic portable blood pressure recorder and processor unit was used for measurement of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate every 15 min. The change from upright to supine position at the beginning of the night period was associated with a 30-40% increase in blood flow rate and a highly significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (P less than 0.001 for all). Approximately 100 min after the subjects went to sleep an additional blood flow rate increment (mean 56%) and a simultaneous significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (P less than 0.001) were observed. The duration of this hyperemic phase was 116 min. A highly significant reduction of the subcutaneous vascular resistance (50%) was demonstrated during the hyperemic blood flow rate phase compared with the surrounding phases (P less than 0.0001). The synchronism of the nocturnal subcutaneous hyperemia and the decrease in systemic mean arterial blood pressure point to a common, possibly central nervous or humoral, eliciting mechanism.

Norepinephrine versus Ephedrine Boluses To Treat Spinal-Induced Hypotension in Cesarean Deliveries

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed M Abo Kamar ◽  
Manal M Shams ◽  
Mai M AbdelAziz ◽  
Wessam Z Selima
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Hypotensive Effect ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Placental Blood ◽  
Maternal Blood Pressure

Abstract Corresponding Background Cesarean sections normally require an anesthetic block at T4 level, so hypotension is reported to occur in up to 80% of spinal anesthesia cases. When maternal hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is severe and sustained, it can lead to serious maternal complications as well as impairment of the uterine and placental blood flow with consecutive fetal hypoxia, acidosis, and neurological injury. Aim of the Work to compare the administration of intermittent i.v. boluses of norepinephrine and ephedrine to counterbalance the hypotensive effect of spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery. The results of the study showed that compared with ephedrine, norepinephrine maintained maternal blood pressure and uterine artery blood flow. Further, it was associated with lower numbers of hypotension and hypertension episodes and less frequency of bradycardia and tachycardia during cesarean delivery. Furthermore, the numbers of boluses of vasopressors used during spinal anesthesia were lower in norepinephrine compared with the use of ephedrine. Conclusion Norepinephrine can be used as an alternative vasopressor to maintain maternal blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery, with no adverse effect on neonatal outcome.

Continuous Monitoring of Arterial Oxygen Saturation with Pulse Oximetry During Spinal Anesthesia

1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Davies ◽  
David A. Scott ◽  
Paul T. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Spinal Block ◽  
Lithotomy Position ◽  
Oxygen Administration ◽  
Paper Chart ◽  
Chart Recorder ◽  
Clinically Significant

Oxygen saturation in eighty-two patients having elective urologic and gynecologic procedures in the lithotomy position using spinal anesthesia was studied to determine if clinically significant changes of oxygen saturation occurred during these procedures. The oxygen saturation was measured using the pulse oximeter and recorded on a paper chart recorder. Forty-eight patients sustained a normal oxygen saturation throughout the procedure. Twenty-one patients showed a trend of falling oxygen saturation of 3.4% (range: 2-6%). Fourteen patients had transient changes of less than 2-minute durations with falls in oxygen saturation averaging 6.4% (range: 2-14%). Minor artifacts in the oxygen saturation trace occurred in 28 patients, and major artifacts preventing interpretation of the oxygen saturation occurred in 10 patients. There was no correlation between the changes in oxygen saturation observed and the age, weight, height, body mass index, physical status, or height of the spinal block. The effects of hypotension and sedation on oxygen saturation during spinal anesthesia needs further study. It was therefore concluded that although a minimum of patients have clinically significant oxygen desaturation while breathing air during these surgical procedures, oxygen administration would minimize the risk of significant hypoxia.

Regional distribution of blood flow during diving in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 995-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Jones ◽  
Robert M. Bryan Jr. ◽  
Nigel H. West ◽  
Raymond H. Lord ◽  
Brenda Clark
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Total Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Brain

The regional distribution of blood flow, both before and during forced diving, was studied in the duck using radioactively labelled microspheres. Cardiac output fell from 227 ± 30 to 95 ± 16 mL kg−1 min−1 after 20–72 s of submergence and to 59 ± 18 mL kg−1 min−1 after 144–250 s of submergence. Mean arterial blood pressure did not change significantly as total peripheral resistance increased by four times during prolonged diving. Before diving the highest proportion of cardiac output went to the heart (2.6 ± 0.5%, n = 9) and kidneys (2.7 ± 0.5%, n = 9), with the brain receiving less than 1%. The share of cardiac output going to the brain and heart increased spectacularly during prolonged dives to 10.5 ± 3% (n = 5) and 15.9 ± 3.8% (n = 5), respectively, while that to the kidney fell to 0.4 ± 0.26% (n = 3). Since cardiac output declined during diving, tissue blood flow (millilitres per gram per minute) to the heart was unchanged although in the case of the brain it increased 2.35 times after 20–75 s of submergence and 8.5 times after 140–250 s of submergence. Spleen blood flow, the highest of any tissue predive (5.6 ± 1.3 mL g−1 min−1, n = 4), was insignificant during diving while adrenal flow increased markedly, in one animal reaching 7.09 mL g−1 min−1. The present results amplify general conclusions from previous research on regional distribution of blood flow in diving homeotherms, showing that, although both heart and brain receive a significant increase in the proportionate share of cardiac output during diving only the brain receives a significant increase in tissue blood flow, which increases as submergence is prolonged.

scholarly journals Blood flow distribution in submerged and surface-swimming ducks

1992 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
R. Stephenson ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Radiological Imaging ◽  
Aythya Americana

Observations that the response of the avian heart rate to submergence varies under different circumstances have led to speculation about variability of blood flow distribution during voluntary dives. We used a radiological imaging technique to examine the patterns of circulating blood flow in captive redhead ducks (Aythya americana) during rest, swimming, escape dives, forced dives and trapped escape dives and have shown that blood flow distribution in escape dives was the same as that in ducks swimming at the water surface. The response during trapped escape dives, however, was highly variable. Blood pressure was unchanged from the resting value during all activities. Predictions made about blood flow distribution during unrestrained dives on the basis of heart rate and other indirect data were confirmed in this study. However, the trapped escape dive responses indicated that heart rate alone is not always a reliable indicator of tissue blood flow in exercising ducks.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document