Theoretical Study and Application of Rate Transient Analysis on Complex Fractured-Caved Carbonate Reservoirs

Carbonate reservoirs are mainly fractured-caved reservoirs with very well-developed dissolved pores, fractures, and caves. They have strong heterogeneity with various types of reservoir pore spaces. Using seismic inversion and reservoir static characterization, the result shows that the fractured-caved carbonate rocks in China are mainly caves with poor connectivity and complex oil-water distribution. Large-scale dissolved caves are mostly discrete and isolated, while the fractures are complex and various. The fracture features are observed either as a single large fractures or as a local fracture network. The characteristics of fluid flow in fracture-caved reservoirs vary as a result of the different combinations of fractures and caves. Currently, the static characterization technology of fractured-caved reservoirs is influenced by the limited resolution of seismic data, leading to large interpretation errors. In contrast, the dynamic method is a more reliable and effective method to determine reservoir parameters. However, traditional seepage equations cannot accurately characterize the flow pattern of fractured-caved carbonate reservoirs. In the case of a single large-scale dissolved fractured-caved reservoir, oil wells are usually connected to large caves through large fractures or directly drilled into large dissolved caves. In this study, the large-scale dissolved caved reservoir is simplified into two cases: (1) a single-cave and single-fracture series model composed of a single-cave and a single-fracture and (2) a composite model of dissolved caves and surrounding fracture networks. Note that the flow in a large cave is considered as free flow due to its large scale. The flow in a large fracture connected to the cave is considered as flow through porous media, and the flow in the reservoir surrounding the fracture network is considered as multiple-porosity model seepage flow. The corresponding seepage-free flow coupling mathematical model of different fractured-caved reservoirs has been established on this basis. We also obtained the rate transient analysis type curves of the oil well, conducted sensitivity analysis of each parameter, constructed the corresponding rate transient analysis curves, analyzed sensitivities of each parameter, and finally designed a dynamic evaluation method of well and reservoir parameters for different types of fractured-caved carbonate reservoirs. This study extensively applies this method in the Halahatang Oilfield of China and evaluates parameters such as reservoir reserves and physical properties to provide rational guidance for developing fractured-caved carbonate reservoirs.