Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumThrace. Cities on the West coast of the Black Sea, 1st cent. B.C.

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West

Miletus

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
Peace And War ◽  
The City

Originally famed for its philosophers of nature, Miletus became one of the great cities of commerce of the ancient world. Its four harbors and strategic location on the west coast of Asia Minor gave the city unique advantages as a vital port in both peace and war. Yet these factors also were the cause of repeated periods of invasion and destruction. Eventually Miletus ceased to be a major player in world affairs, not because of the fortunes of war, but because of the slower but deadlier effects of the gentle Meander River, which silted its harbors and created malaria-ridden marshes. Miletus is easily reached from Izmir by taking E87 south to Selçuk, then proceeding on highway 525 through Söke to Akköy, then north through Balat to the site of Miletus. Today it is difficult to imagine that Miletus once was situated on a narrow peninsula and boasted of four harbors, three on the west and one on the east. Due to the continual silting effects of the Meander River, the ruins of Miletus now are situated in a broad plain some 5 miles from the sea. The island of Lade, where the Persian armada burned and destroyed the Ionian fleet in 494 B.C.E., was once to the west of the coast of Miletus. Now it is merely a hill 4 miles west of Miletus. A Mycenaean colony that had cultural contacts with Crete and Greece existed in this location from 1400 B.C.E. Greeks settled in the area by at least the 10th century B.C.E. The city prospered and grew wealthy from its colonies on the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and even in Egypt. It was one of the first cities in the ancient world to mint coins. Soon Miletus became the most important of the twelve cities of the region of Ionia. The city came under Persian control in 546 B.C.E. and later opposed them in the Battle of Lade, but the result was the loss of their fleet and the complete destruction of their city in 494 B.C.E. Herodotus, in fact, said that Miletus was reduced to slavery. Subsequently, Ephesus surpassed Miletus as the first city of the region.

scholarly journals The return of the ancient papyrus: the discovery and fate of the ancient Greek papyrus from Mangalia (Romania)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Evgeny Vasilyevich Yarovoy
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The West ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Good Will

On the west coast of the Black sea excavations of ancient cities have been conducted for more than a century and a half. Among them, a special place is considered to be the Dorian colony of Kallatis, founded by immigrants from Heraclea of Pontius, most likely in the VI century BC. Currently on its territory there is a Romanian city of Mangalia. In 1959, during the excavations of the ancient mound on the Hellenistic burial ground, an ungraded burial in a stone sarcophagus was discovered. It was a backbone of an adult with a gilded bronze wreath. Near his hands there was an ancient Greek papyrus. For his conservation a Soviet restorer M. Alexander was invited, he managed to preserve the rarity. At the request of the Romanian side, he took the papyrus for restoration to Moscow, where his traces were lost. In 2001, Romanian archaeologists began searching for the papyrus. After three years of work in museums and libraries, they were able to locate the rest of the scroll. It turned out that they are stored in the Center of restoration Grabar in Moscow. As a result of the negotiations, thanks to the good will of the Russian side, it was possible to reach an agreement on the return of a unique discovery for Romania to its historical homeland.

scholarly journals Holocene fluctuations of the Black Sea level and human activities along the south Black Sea coast

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Dimitar Sinnyovsky
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Holocene Sediments ◽  
Roman Age ◽  
Sea Coast

Holocene fluctuations of the Black Sea level have played a significant role in the existence of the Black Sea polis-cities. The high sea-level during the Novochernomorian transgression is followed by the Phanagorian regression when the sea level reached its minimum of 3 m below the modern sea level during the antiquity (Roman Age). Then, on the west coast of Mandra Lake the Roman polis Deultum was founded which became a flourishing port. The discrepancy between the low sea level and ancient navigation activity in Mandra Lake is a challenge for further investigations of the Holocene sediments.

scholarly journals The Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography: from measuring latitudes and distances to creating a map

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
D. A. Shcheglov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
West Coast ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Contradictory Information ◽  
Key Points

The configuration of the Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography is compared with the information of other ancient geographers. It is demonstrated that their data on the length of the coastlines between the key points match with high accuracy, implying that they drew on similar sources. A possible explanation of numerous disagreements between their data on distances between neighbouring coastal points is suggested. It is shown that the shortening of the west coast of the Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography relative to the reports of other geographers was due to his erroneous value of the circumference of the Earth. In general, Ptolemy’s configuration of the Black Sea is explained as a result of merging together contradictory information on the length of coastlines and the latitudes of the key points provided by his sources. These findings contribute to a better understanding of Ptolemy’s method of map-making.

A new cave-dwelling species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) from the West Caucasus

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
I.A. Belousov ◽  
A.G. Koval
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Sea Coast

A new species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928, C. maximovitchi sp. nov., is described from the Akhunskaya Cave and Labirintovaya Cave, both located in the Akhun Karst Massif on the Black Sea Coast of the West Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory, Russia). The new species is rather isolated within the genus Cimmerites and occupies an intermediate position between species related to C. kryzhanovskii Belousov, 1998 and species close to C. vagabundus Belousov, 1998. Though both C. maximovitchi sp. nov. and C. kryzhanovskii are still known only from caves, these species are quite similar in their life form to other members of the genus which are all true endogean species.

scholarly journals Level of relics in high-mountain flora of isolated Fisht-Oshten Massif and Chernomorskaya Chain

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
I. N. Timukhin ◽  
B. S. Tuniyev
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Alpine Species ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Relic Species

For the first time the level of relics of the high-mountain flora of the northwestern edge of the highlands of the Caucasus has been established. The Fisht-Oshten Massif and the Black Sea Chain have a uniquely high level of relics - 51.0% (617 species), with a predominance of Tertiary-relic species - Rt - 41.2% (498 species). The second largest representation is a group of Holocene relics - Rx - 7.3% (88 species), the minimum represented Pleistocene relics - Rg - 2.5% (31 species). The relic level of alpine species is one of the highest in the Caucasus and is 52.8% (338 species). Alpine species also have predominance of Pliocene relics - 46.7% (299 species), the number of glacial relics is 2.5% (16 species), the share of xerothermic relics - 3.6% (23 species). In the preservation of relic species revealed general trends, depending on the remoteness of local flora from the main diaspora on the Fisht-Oshten Massif and the modern area of the meadow belt. These trends persist in Tertiary relics, while other patterns are observed for glacial and Holocene relics. The number of glacial relics fades to the west, most clearly it can be seen in alpine species. The number of Holocene relics as much as possible on the edge areas (Fisht-Oshten Massif and Mt. Semashkho) and minimally on the central peaks of the Black Sea Chain, where the Holocene expansion of xerophyte plants was insignificant.

The Early Expansion of the Kingdom of Mithridates VI

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Duane W. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side

Mithridates VI the Great began his solidified rule by expanding his kingdom, seemingly with the goal of encircling the Black Sea. He gained possession of the ancient territory of Colchis and then strengthened his predecessors’ control of the Bosporos, on the north side of the sea. He also established a presence on the west side of the sea. The locals on the north side of the sea welcomed the king because they were constantly subject to barbarian pressures. There were also economic benefits to the Pontic kingdom in acquisition of the new territories. Mithridates also established a Pontic presence south and west of his kingdom, in Paphlagonia and Galatia. Yet such aggressive actions by the king were noticed by the Romans, even though the northern Black Sea was not in any region of their direct interest.

Environmental Issues Regarding Space Launches over the Black Sea

2013 ◽  
Vol 330 ◽  
pp. 805-810
Author(s):  
Dragos R. Rugescu
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
High Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
The West ◽  
Space Project

The Romanian NERVA space project, aimed at building and using a small rocket launcher for injecting nanosatellites into a LEO, requires the establishment of a secure launching area. The first candidate is on the western coast of the Black Sea and the candidate launching and flight corridor is the west-east vector above the sea. A series of ecological and safety challenges appear due to the high population density of the regions close to the sea-shores of the Black Sea; they must be catalogued and securely solved, before any space activity above the Black Sea begins. The main challenges of such an endeavor are analyzed henceforth and several solutions that fall within the scope of a recent research activity of the NERVA team are proposed.

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