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CATENA ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 105881
Author(s):  
Lalita V. Zakharikhina ◽  
Lyudmila S. Malyukova ◽  
Alexey V. Ryndin

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulhakim Bawadekji ◽  
Kareem Tonbol ◽  
Nejib Ghazouani ◽  
Nidhal Becheikh ◽  
Mohamed Shaltout

AbstractRecent and future climate diagrams (surface air temperature, surface relative humidity, surface wind, and mean sea level pressure) for the Saudi Arabian Red Sea Coast are analysed based on hourly observations (2016–2020) and hourly ERA5 data (1979–2020) with daily GFDL mini-ensemble means (2006–2100). Moreover, GFDL mini-ensemble means are calculated based on the results of three GFDL simulations (GFDL-CM3, GFDL-ESM2M, and GFDL-ESM2G). Observation data are employed to describe the short-term current weather variability. However, ERA5 data are considered to study the long-term current weather variability after bias removal via a comparison to observations. Finally, a bias correction statistical model was developed by matching the cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of corrected ERA5 and mini-ensemble mean data over 15 years (2006–2020). The obtained local statistic were used to statically downscale GFDL mini-ensemble means to study the future uncertainty in the atmospheric parameters studied. There occurred significant spatial variability across the study area, especially regarding the surface air temperature and relative humidity, based on monthly analysis of both observation and ERA5 data. Moreover, the results indicated that the ERA5 data suitably describe Tabuk, Jeddah and Jizan weather conditions with a marked spatial variability. The best performance of ERA5 surface air temperature and relative humidity (surface wind speed and sea level pressure) data was detected in Tabuk (Jeddah). These data for the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast, 1979–2020, exhibit significant positive trends of the surface air temperature and surface wind speed and significant negative trends of the relative humidity and sea level pressure. The GFDL mini-ensemble mean projection result, up to 2100, contains a significant bias in the studied weather parameters. This is partly attributed to the coarse GFDL resolution (2° × 2°). After bias removal, the statistically downscaled simulations based on the GFDL mini-ensemble mean indicate that the climate in the study area will experience significant changes with a large range of uncertainty according to the considered scenario and regional variations.


2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjen Pieter Luijendijk ◽  
Etiënne Kras ◽  
Vasiliki Dagalaki ◽  
Robin Morelissen ◽  
Ibrahim Hoteit ◽  
...  

The Saudi Arabian tourism sector is growing, and its economy has flourished over the last decades. This has resulted in numerous coastal developments close to large economic centers, while many more are proposed or planned. The coastal developments have influenced the behavior of the shoreline in the past. Here we undertake a national assessment on the state of the coast of Saudi Arabia based on recent data sets on historic and future shoreline positions. While at national scale the shoreline is found to be stable over the last three decades, the Red Sea coast shows a regional-mean retreat rate while the Gulf coast shows a regional-mean prograding behavior. Detailed analysis of the temporal evolution of shoreline position at selected locations show that human interventions may have accelerated shoreline retreat along adjacent shorelines, some of which are Marine Protected Areas. Furthermore, reef-fronted coastal sections have a mean accretive shoreline change rate, while the open coast shows a mean retreat rate. Future shoreline projections under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 show that large parts of the shoreline may experience an accelerated retreat or a change in its regime from either stable or sprograding to retreating. Under the high emission RCP 8.5 scenario, the length of coastline projected to retreat more than doubles along the Red Sea coast, and approximately triples along the Gulf coast in 2100. At national scale, the Saudi Arabian coastline is projected to experience regional-mean retreats of ~30 m and of ~130 m by 2050 and 2100 under both RCPs considered in this study. These results indicate that effective adaptation strategies will be required to protect areas of ecological and economic value, and that climate resilience should be a key consideration in planned or proposed coastal interventions.


Author(s):  
Borys Magomedov

The aim of the study is to explain the unusually high for provincial city percentage of Roman denarii among the coins of ancient Olbia. Research methodology – principles of science, historicism, objectivity, generalization, historical-genetic and historical-typological. Scientific novelty. Some researchers of Olbia connected the final stage of its history with presence of barbarians, carriers of the Chernyakhiv culture (the second third of 3rd – the beginning of 5th c., the dominant population – the Goths). Other researchers believed that the material culture of the city retains its ancient character to the end. Modern analysis of finds from the late Roman layers of Olbia and its surroundings demonstrates undeniable Chernyakhiv analogies and shows the inclusion of the city in political and economic system of barbarians. The truth of this statement can be verified by comparing the numismatic materials of Chernyakhiv culture and Olbia of Roman times. In the area of this culture within the borders of former USSR, finds of more than 26 thousand Roman coins have been recorded. Coins modern to this culture (3rd – 4th c.) are a minority, and 78,7% are represented by earlier silver denarii of the 1st – 2nd c. The barbarians received these denarii from Rome as military contributions and subsidies or wage to military units. Some coins were put into circulation for internal payments. P. Karyshkovsky made statistical calculations of coins of the 1st – 4th c. from Olbia and found some local peculiarity. Unlike other ancient cities of Northern and Western Black Sea coast, among the Roman and provincial coins found in Olbia, the majority are denarii of the 1st – 2nd c.: 53,5% of finds. However, in Histria city (Western Black Sea Coast) denarii make only 17,3%. The peculiarity of Olbia collection can be explained by the history of this city. After the Gothic conquest (between the late 250s and early 270s), Olbia was reborn as small fortified town, a trade and craft center inhabited by Goth barbarians. The distribution of coin finds from the second half of 3rd to the beginning of 5th c. corresponds to the situation in Chernyakhiv culture. Issues of coins of that time came to its population in small quantities. However, the barbarians owned a large mass of old denarii of 1st – 2nd c. Some of them fall into the cultural layer of Olbia, which creates a false picture of money circulation of the city in early Roman times. The percentage of such denarii in Olbia without the participation of the later “Chernyakhiv” addition should be close to the percentage of denarii in Histria (17,3%). Conclusions. A feature of the money circulation of Olbia in Roman times is relatively large number of finds of denarii of the 1st – 2nd c. This can be explained by the fact that in the third quarter of 3rd c. the city was included into political and economic system of Chernyakhiv culture, where the main currency was the silver denarii of the 1st – 2nd c., which by that time were out of circulation in the Empire. The Olbia collection of Roman coins should be divided into the “Ancient” and “Chernyakhiv” (or “Late Antique”) periods, and the latter, in addition to coins of the second half of 3rd – 4th c., contains most of the denarii of the 1st – 2nd c.


Author(s):  
Stanislava Tsaneva ◽  

This article examines one of the latest and most controversial pieces of information about the origin of the Bulgars . In our attempt to establish its historical credibility, we compared the most important Greek and Old Bulgarian copies of St. Clement of Ohrid’s Life, and suggested a date and possible ideological motives behind the creation of so-called „Moesian legend”. Special attention is paid to the coincidence between the names of the modern Bulgarian cities and towns of Varna, Kavarna and Shabla and the toponyms registered in the Hittite inventory inscriptions of the 2nd millennium BCE.


Logistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jūratė Liebuvienė ◽  
Kristina Čižiūnienė

Ports are an important part of the global and regional freight supply chain and transport network. As port activities have a significant impact on the economic growth of these countries, it is necessary to constantly analyse and plan port activities, anticipate market changes and improve the ability of ports to withstand the growing general competitive pressure. This article analyses studies conducted by researchers on the topic of seaports, thus, and find that there are no analyses comparing more than two ports. A comparative analysis of the ports on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea was conducted using the analysis of statistical data. The comparative analysis of ports on the eastern Baltic Sea revealed that Klaipeda port is the most diversified port in the eastern Baltic Sea region, given that it does not have any single most important type of cargo. The largest ports in terms of bulk cargo are in Tallinn, Riga and Ventspils. Primorsk is the largest port for liquid cargo and St. Petersburg handles the greatest volumes of cargo of a general type andwhile the distribution of cargo flows in the port of Visotsk is best correlated with the selected parameters, which allows us to state that the infrastructure of this port is used to the maximum.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
S. V. Kozina

Anemone coronaria is a promising flower crop for cultivation with the lowest energy costs in the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, since it does not require additional heating in winter. The aim of the research was to develop new Anemone coronaria varieties. The paper presents the results of 30 crossing combinations of Anemone coronaria L. Inheritance of ornamental features of a flower (flower diameter, height and strength of peduncle) by seedlings of the first generation was studied. When crossing varieties of the De Caen group, the highest percentage of seedlings with a different perianth diameter was found in the combination Sylphide×The Bride (82.3 %). A high percentage of seedlings inheriting the paternal size of the flower was found in the crosses The Bride×Mr. Fokker (33.3 %) and The Bride×Hollandia (43.5 %). From 2/3 to 4/5 of the studied seedlings did not inherit the parental size of the flower during intravarietal crosses in the De Caen group. In the crosses Hollandia×Hollandia, Sylphide×Sylphide, the propagules were showed an increase in the diameter of the perianth. Having studied the possibility of transferring certain features to the first generation by group of the St. Brigid varieties, the highest percentage of seedlings with a different perianth diameter was found in the combinations Admiral × Mount Everest (65.0 %), Admiral×The Governor (66.2 %) and Lord Lieutenant×Mount Everest (70.6 %). When crossing varieties with a semi-double perianth, the highest percentage of seedlings repeating the size of the mother variety in flower size was observed in the combination the Governor×Mount Everest (47.0 %). The highest percentage of seedlings with a perianth diameter characterized by the parent variety was observed in the combination Moynt Everest×Lord Lieutenant (66.7 %). When varieties with different perianth colors of the De Caen group were crossed, the habitus of the obtained seedlings of the Anemone coronaria was larger and the peduncle strength either remained parental or exceeded it. The peduncle diameter increased by 1-2 mm. The largest number of seedlings with a large perianth and a high, strong peduncle was obtained by hybridizing the following varieties: Sylphide×The Bride, Sylphide×Sylphide, The Governor×The Governor, Hollandia×The Bride, Mr. Fokker×Hollandia, Sylphide×Hollandia, Hollandia×The Governor, Sylphide×Admiral, The Bride×The Governor, Lord Lieutenant×Mount Everest.


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