This paper investigates Chinese-managed lottery businesses and their circulation from China into Korea. It focuses on the case of the business practices and marketing of the Cantonese company Tongshuntai, a foremost representative of Chinese capital in Korea. Through the case study of the lottery, East Asian trade networks can be understood as a kind of network circulating culture and information across the region. In 1899, the first modern Chinese lottery was issued in Shanghai. Cantonese merchants imported the Chinese lottery and broadly advertised lotteries in the newspaper in Seoul. Korea and China showed the same pattern in lottery business from the time of its rise to its demise. In 1909, there were strong regulations against lottery business both in China and Korea simultaneously. The force leading to the termination of lotteries in China was the reformative power that aimed to modernize China. In Korea, however, impetus to stop lotteries came from Korean nationalism as well as Japanese imperialist authority.
本文以廣幫華商同順泰號的營業活動爲例，探討20世紀初中國彩票在韓國的流通和華商的作用，進而討論20世紀初東亞貿易網絡的文化性功能。在1899年廣濟剬司得到官方批准，在上海創辦了江南義賑彩票，此後中國近代性彩票業眞正開始。在韓華商在江南彩票開始的當年已進口了江南票。中國與韓國，同時彩票大大流行，兩地域社會經驗了同樣的社會變化，供給者接踵而起，過熱競爭，惹起了彩票市場進一步擴大，終於引起了反對彩票的社會剬論。中國創辦國産彩票，代替洋票，杜塞了資本的外流，反而韓國消費洋票之中國彩票，爲了新政期地方財政提供了資金。1909年韓中兩國同時開始了取締彩票，但在中國取締彩票之動力是中國入憲派與改革勢力，在韓國取締彩票的是韓國民族主義情緖以及日本帝國主義。 (This article is in English).
This article focuses on recent revisionist scholarship demonstrating that China's maritime history in the period 1500 to 1630 is no longer a case of ‘missed opportunity’, a viewpoint fostered by earlier writing dominated by state-centric and land-focused models. To challenge this perspective, this study first reviews analyses demonstrating the far-reaching commercial networks between Ming China and localities in Southeast and Northeast Asia, and then considers the impact of the metaphor of Fernand Braudel's ‘Asian Mediterranean’ and his ideas about ‘world economy’ on the study of East Asian seafaring history. Secondly, this investigation reveals the dimensions of Chinese trade networks which the mid-Ming government officially sanctioned, as well as the extent to which literati from the southern provinces challenged the state's involvement in overseas commerce of trade and exchange. Finally, the article assesses how modern historians have studied late Ming maritime defense policies as security along the littoral lapsed.
In the pre-modern period, Japanese identity was articulated in contrast with China. It was, however, articulated in reference to criteria that were commonly accepted in the whole East-Asian cultural sphere; criteria, therefore, that were Chinese in origin.One of the fields in which Japan's conception of a Japanese identity was enacted was that of foreign relations, i.e. of Japan's relations with China, the various kingdoms in Korea, and from the second half of the sixteenth century onwards, with the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutchmen, and the Kingdom of the Ryūkū.
OCEANS OF HISTORY, SEAS OF CHANGE: RECENT REVISIONIST WRITING IN WESTERN LANGUAGES ABOUT CHINA AND EAST ASIAN MARITIME HISTORY DURING THE PERIOD 1500–1630