Development of a Multidimensional Smoking Index Group Measure

Abstract Background Long-term smoking exposure will increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), whereas the mechanism is still unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore whether serum metabolites mediate the occurrence of ESCC caused by cigarette smoking. Methods Serum metabolic profiles and lifestyle information of 464 participants were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of smoking exposure to ESCC risk. High-dimensional mediation analysis and univariate mediation analysis were performed to screen potential intermediate metabolites of smoking exposure for ESCC. Results Ever smoking was associated with a 3.11-fold increase of ESCC risk (OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.63–6.05), and for each cigarette-years increase in smoking index, ESCC risk increased by 56% (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.18–2.13). A total of 5 metabolites were screened as mediators by high-dimensional mediation analysis. In addition, glutamine, histidine, and cholic acid were further proved existing mediation effects according to univariate mediation analysis. And the proportions of mediation of histidine and glutamine were 40.47 and 30.00%, respectively. The mediation effect of cholic acid was 8.98% according to the analysis of smoking index. Conclusions Our findings suggest that cigarette smoking contributed to incident ESCC, which may be mediated by glutamine, histidine and cholic acid.

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Group measure of locus of control.

Developmental Psychology ◽

10.1037/h0036935 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 683-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Gerald E. Gruen ◽

John R. Korte ◽

John F. Baum

Keyword(s):

Locus Of Control ◽

Group Measure

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Bi-Exact Groups, Strongly Ergodic Actions and Group Measure Space Type III Factors with No Central Sequence

Communications in Mathematical Physics ◽

10.1007/s00220-016-2634-7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 348 (3) ◽

pp. 991-1015 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Cyril Houdayer ◽

Yusuke Isono

Keyword(s):

Measure Space ◽

Central Sequence ◽

Type Iii ◽

Group Measure

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Heaviness of Smoking Index, Number of Cigarettes Smoked and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Among Adult Male Malaysians

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention ◽

10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.1.343 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 343-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

K.H. Lim ◽

M. Feisul Idzwan ◽

M.G. Sumarni ◽

C.C. Kee ◽

N.M. Amal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Adult Male ◽

Index Number ◽

Smoking Index

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Positive correlation of serum indoxyl sulfate level with peripheral arterial disease in hemodialysis patients

Vascular ◽

10.1177/17085381211039941 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 170853812110399

Author(s):

Liang-Te Chiu ◽

Lin Lin ◽

Huei-Jhen Lin ◽

Yu-Hsien Lai ◽

Bang-Gee Hsu

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Arterial Disease ◽

Ankle Brachial Index ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Indoxyl Sulfate ◽

Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Index Group ◽

Peripheral Arterial

Objectives Indoxyl sulfate, known for its cardiovascular toxicity, is associated with vascular and coronary artery diseases and increased mortality. Peripheral arterial disease, defined by low ankle–brachial index, is associated with increased mortality in patients on hemodialysis. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the serum indoxyl sulfate level and peripheral arterial disease in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Methods The present cross-sectional, single-center study included 75 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Serum indoxyl sulfate levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Ankle–brachial index values were measured using an automated oscillometric device. Patients with ankle–brachial indexes of < 0.9 were categorized into the low ankle–brachial index group. Results In the study cohort, 12 of the 75 patients (16.0%) had low ankle–brachial indexes. The rates of diabetes mellitus ( p = 0.010) as well as the serum levels of C-reactive protein ( p < 0.001) and indoxyl sulfate ( p < 0.001) were higher in the low ankle–brachial index group than the normal ankle–brachial index group. The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that serum levels of indoxyl sulfate (odds ratio = 1.123, 95% confidence interval 1.011–1.249, p = 0.031) and C-reactive protein (each 0.1 mg/dL increase, odds ratio = 1.169, 95% confidence interval 1.018–1.343, p = 0.027) were independently associated with peripheral arterial disease in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Conclusions Serum indoxyl sulfate levels were associated with peripheral arterial disease in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

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