A compositional letter code explains orthographic processing

TASK8 was designed as an electron microprobe control program with maximum flexibility and versatility, lending itself to a wide variety of applications. While using TASKS in the microprobe laboratory of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, we decided to incorporate the capability of using subroutines which perform specific end-member calculations for nearly any type of mineral phase that might be analyzed in the laboratory. This procedure minimizes the need for post-processing of the data to perform such calculations as element ratios or end-member or formula proportions. It also allows real time assessment of each data point.The use of unique “mineral codes” to specify the list of elements to be measured and the type of calculation to perform on the results was first used in the microprobe laboratory at the California Institute of Technology to optimize the analysis of mineral phases. This approach was used to create a series of subroutines in TASK8 which are called by a three letter code.

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Priming effects in the recognition of simple and complex words and pseudowords

Psicológica Journal ◽

10.2478/psicolj-2018-0009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 198-222

Author(s):

Miguel Lázaro ◽

Víctor Illera ◽

Javier Sainz

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Morphological Processing ◽

Orthographic Processing ◽

Frequency Effect ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Priming Effects ◽

The Third ◽

Complex Words ◽

Intense Debate

AbstractWhether morphological processing of complex words occurs beyond orthographic processing is a matter of intense debate. In this study, morphological processing is examined by presenting complex words (brujería -> brujo –witchcraft -> witch), as well as simple (brujaña->brujo) and complex pseudowords (brujanza ->brujo), as primes in three masked lexical decision tasks. In the first experiment, the three experimental conditions facilitated word recognition in comparison to the control condition, but no differences emerged between them. Given the importance of the surface frequency effect observed, a second experiment was conducted. The results fully replicate those observed in the first one, but this time with low frequency targets. In the third experiment, vowels were removed from the stems of primes to reduce the orthographic overlap between primes and targets and, therefore, the influence of the embedded stem effect. The results show facilitative effects only for complex words. However, paired comparisons show no differences between experimental conditions. The overall results show the central role played by the processing of stems in visual word recognition and are explained in terms of current models of morphological processing.

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The development of orthographic processing skills in children in early French immersion programs

Written Language & Literacy ◽

10.1075/wll.17.1.02com ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 16-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Eva Commissaire ◽

Adrian Pasquarella ◽

Becky Xi Chen ◽

S. Hélène Deacon

Keyword(s):

Language Learners ◽

Second Language Learners ◽

Factor Model ◽

Orthographic Processing ◽

French Immersion ◽

Learning To Read ◽

Underlying Factor ◽

Correct Spelling ◽

Immersion Programs ◽

Language Variables

Children learning to read in two languages are faced with orthographic features from both languages, either unique to a language or similar across languages. In the present study, we examined how children develop orthographic processing skills over time (from grade 1 to grade 2) with a sample of Canadian children attending a French immersion program and we investigated the underlying factor structure of orthographic skills across English and French. Two orthographic processing tasks were administered in both languages: lexical orthographic processing (e.g. choose the correct spelling from people–peeple) and sub-lexical orthographic processing (e.g. which is the more word-like vaid–vayd?), which included both language-specific and language-shared orthographic regularities. Children’s performances in sub-lexical tasks increased with grade but were comparable across languages. Further, evidence for a one factor model including all measures suggested that there is a common underlying orthographic processing skill that cuts across measurement and language variables. Keywords: orthographic processing; reading; French immersion; bilinguals; second language learners

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Orthographic processing deficits in developmental dyslexia: Beyond the ventral visual stream

NeuroImage ◽

10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 128 ◽

pp. 316-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Marianna Boros ◽

Jean-Luc Anton ◽

Catherine Pech-Georgel ◽

Jonathan Grainger ◽

Marcin Szwed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Dyslexia ◽

Orthographic Processing ◽

Visual Stream ◽

Ventral Visual Stream ◽

Processing Deficits

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Development of a Letter Coding Desk

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Proceedings ◽

10.1243/pime_conf_1969_184_237_02 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 184 (8) ◽

pp. 166-177

Author(s):

S. C. Knowles

Keyword(s):

High Reliability ◽

Future Trends ◽

Design Features ◽

Operating Personnel ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Letter Code ◽

Very High

The development of the letter code desk is described, particular reference being made to the necessity for the characteristics to be suited to the operating personnel. An explanation is given of the design features introduced as a result of this unit being required in relatively large numbers for this class of work. The development of the special printing unit for code application is described, with particular emphasis on the very high reliability required. An indication is given of probable future trends.

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