The impact of analogical effects and social factors on the spelling of partially homophonous verb forms in informal social media writing

The present study examines unintentional spelling errors on past participles produced by Flemish teenagers in private online writing. Previous psycholinguistic research on verb spelling errors in Dutch mainly focused on identical homophones (Bosman 2005; Frisson & Sandra 2002; Sandra et al. 1999). The present study, however, deals with past participles that are only partially homophonous with other forms in the inflectional paradigm and investigates whether the spelling of these verbs is affected by whole-word frequency, paradigmatic and bigram support for the correct spelling and the token frequency of the past participles’ morphological family. The error rates reflect the effect of both paradigmatic and bigram support. Moreover, the unique database makes it possible to analyze the impact of three social factors (Gender, Educational track and Age). Our results reveal an effect on the error rates of all social variables. Finally, these social factors do not interact with paradigmatic and bigram support.

Enhancing Student’s Writing Ability in Paragraph Writing Through an Outline Strategy at Primary Level

Among language skills, writing is considered the most challenging and complicated skill compared to other skills. The main objective of this research is to analyze the improvement of students' writing skills in writing paragraphs through the outline strategy. The participants in this study were 15 fifth grade students. The participants were selected through random sampling technique. The data obtained were analyzed in percentage. Pre-Test and Post-Test were used as instruments in this study. In the Pre-Test and Post-Test the required items such as writing paragraph titles, grammar, spelling and total sentences (length) of paragraphs are the same. According to the findings, in the Pre-Test the students writing paragraphs were 20.00%, 26.66%, 20.00%, 26.66% (Good), 46.66%, 20.00%, 33.33%, 33 ,33% (Average), 33.33%, 53.33%, 46.66% , 40.00% (Weak) in paragraph headings, use of proper grammar, correct spelling and number of sentences (length ) paragraphs, respectively. After the Pre-Test, the instructor taught the participants about writing paragraphs through an outline strategy for 4 weeks and then conducted a Post-Test. In this test, participants in writing paragraphs through the outline strategy were 46.66%, 53.33%, 60.00%, 53.33% (Good), 40.00%, 26.66%, 33.33%, 40 0.00% (Average), 13.33%, 20.00%, 6.66% , 6.66% (Weak) in paragraph headings, use of proper grammar, correct spelling and number of sentences (length ) paragraphs, respectively. This action-based research shows that the outline strategy can improve students' writing skills.

Technical Writing Difficulties Faced by High School Students in Dzongkha Subject

This study explores the technical difficulties and the causes of writing difficulties school students face in writing in Dzongkha. Using social constructivism, 16 participants (ten students and six teachers) were involved. In addition to document analysis, the participants were also interviewed to find the problems of writing in Dzongkha. The findings suggest that application of Dzongkha in its written form was one of the most difficult tasks among the four language skills. The writing difficulties faced by the students were the usage of correct spelling, grammar, vocabulary, word structure, sentence structure, paragraph structure, expression and handwriting. Among these, spelling was one of the most difficult parts while writing in Dzongkha. The causes of writing difficulties in Dzongkha were the poor foundation of Dzongkha writing and reading skills, low prestige of Dzongkha language/subject, time constraint, pronunciation related problems, limited resource/facility and professional support for the Dzongkha teachers, less career scope for Dzongkha background students and poor reading habit. It was also due to lack of additional Dzongkha medium based subject, inadequate modern ways of teaching learning strategies, and also because of minimal parents’ support, less personal interest and perseverance to learn and write in Dzongkha. The solutions to the writing problems were to give adequate time for Dzongkha subject, maintain reading and writing portfolios to enhance genres writing, teaching the clear meaning and concept of different words and terminologies having same pronunciation, and adequate teacher written response needs to be emphasized and implemented. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations to different stakeholders are also provided.

The essential language needs to develop the performance of female Arabic language teachers in light of the Professional Licensing Standards document for teachers in Saudi Arabia from the viewpoint of teachers and supervisor in Madinah: الاحتياجات اللغوية اللازمة لتطوير أداء معلمات اللغة العربية في ضوء وثيقة معايير الترخيص المهني للمعلمين بالسعودية من وجهة نظر معلماتها ومشرفاتها بالمدينة المنورة

The study aimed at identifying the essential language needs to develop the performance of female Arabic language teachers in light of the document Standards for Professional Licensing for teachers in Saudi Arabia from the viewpoint of teachers and supervisors in Madinah. To achieve this, we have followed a descriptive survey approach where we designed a questionnaire to determine the language needs of female Arabic language teachers. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of female Arabic language teachers and supervisors in the Medina area, Their number reached (756), including (735) female teachers and (21) supervisors, using statistical software (SPSS). The results of the survey demonstrated (73) essential language need to develop the performance of female Arabic language teachers, distributed in the two fields: language skills and linguistics. The results showed also that the overall degree of the language needs I got an overall average (4.15 out of 5), i.e. with a (high) degree, and at the level of the two main areas; (The domain of language skills) got an average of (4.30) with a degree (very large), and it came in first place (the axis of speaking and reading in a correct and sound language, with an average of (4.42), followed by (the axis of proper written expression and taking into account correct spelling with an average of (4.25), then It is followed by (the axis of comprehension of the audio and reading text, with an average of (4.24), all of which are in degrees (very large), while (the field of linguistic sciences skills) got an arithmetic average of (4) with a degree (large), while the axes of the field came in first place, the axis (Grammar). And morphology) with an average of (4.36), to a degree (very large), followed by the (Literature) axis with an average of (3.99), then the (Rhetoric and Criticism) axis with an average of 3.98, then the (Linguistics) axis with an average of 3.96, and came in the last rank (The performances and rhyme averaged (369), all with a degree of appreciation (high). and there were no statistically significant differences between the female teachers ’and supervisors’ views on those needs. Also, there are no statistically significant differences between the responses of female Arabic language teachers concerning language needs due to two variables: years of experience, and the educational level in all units, except for the comprehension of the audio and readable text unit that is attributed to the variable of years of experience in favor of experienced teachers (from 5-10) years. While the comprehension of the audible and read text, and literature units were attributed to the variable of the educational level in favor of female secondary school teachers. Based on the results, the researchers recommended programs for training female Arabic language teachers and designing professional development programs in line with language needs, and engaging female Arabic language teachers in determining the language needs necessary to develop their professional performance in a way that enables them to perform their future roles with high efficiency.

The correct spelling for the name Cardamine xinfenii (Brassicaceae)

N/A

An Analysis of Students’ Spelling Errors in Writing at the 8th grade of SMPN 2 Kamang Magek

The aim of the research was to find out students’ spelling errors and the causes of spelling errors in writing. Writing spelling correctly is important in order to not make misunderstanding for the reader and writer. In field, researcher found some problem at related to students’ spelling errors. Most of students were not interested when they wrote spell correctly. Then, most of students were doubt in the letter that have same sound. The last was most of students often wrote Indonesian spelling in writing English that have similiar sound. The purposes of this research based on three research questions were to find out the kinds of error in spelling, the most common spelling error, and the causes of spelling error were made by students in writing. In this research, the researcher used mix method research by using descriptive design. The mix method was the combination of qualitative research and quantitative research. Quantitative research was used to answer the kind of students’ spelling error in writing and most common of error in writing. Qualitative research was used to know the causes of students’ spelling error in writing. The informants of this research was the students of VIII-1 class in SMP N 2 Kamang Magek. The total was 22 students. The data was got through documentation and interview. Documentation was used to get quantitative data and interview was used to get qualitative data. The researcher asked the students’ writing to the teacher as a documentation. The interview was done directly and indirectly because of the pandemi. The result of the research showed that there were 184 spelling errors from 22 students. There were nine kinds of spelling error such as omission of letter, addition of letter, single letter instead of double letter, double letter instead of single letter, substitution of letter, interchange of two adjacent of letter, involving an apostrophe, multiple error. Therefore, the most common spelling error was substitution of letter which students changed letter incorrectly with 35,3% percentage. Moreover, there were some reasons why the students of SMP N 2 Kamang Magek made spelling error. The first was the difficulties between spoken and written form in English, it made students were not able to remember the spelling. Second was most of students were influenced by students’ first language when they wrote spelling. The last was lack of students’ desire to write correct spelling.

Spell corrector for Bangla language using Norvig’s algorithm and Jaro-Winkler distance

In the online world, especially in the social media platform most of us write without much regard to correct spelling and grammar. The spelling mistakes are much larger in proportion when it comes to Bangla language. In our paper, we presented a method for error detection and correction in Bangla words' spellings. Our system could detect a misspelled Bangla word and provide two following services-suggesting correct spellings for the word and correcting the word. We had used Norvig's algorithm for the purpose but instead of using probabilities of the words to prepare the suggestions and corrections, we had used Jaro-Winkler distance. The previous works done in this field for Bangla language are either very slow or offers less accuracy. Our system successfully achieved a 97% accuracy when evaluated with 1000 Bangla words.

CORRECTION OF LEARNING DISORDERS BY OPTIMIZING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ORIENTATION

Learning to read, write and calculate are proving to be some of the most significant cognitive processes in early education. The objective of this systematic review is to explore the associations between the psychomotor component and the academic achievement in writing, reading, and mathematics. An organized and methodical research of electronic databases was completed in order to determine significant studies. Twenty eligible articles were strictly evaluated, with extracted and summarized keywords. The two components of the psychomotor activity that influence reading were primarily the orientation ability and the fine motor skill, which is the one responsible for the correct spelling of “mirror-writing”. Differences in motor function were observed after intervention programmes. The results of all researchers have shown that there is a link between dysgraphia, dyslexia and the orientation ability or visual perception. Meanwhile, the role of cognitive and motor skills that underpinned mathematical performance was highlighted, and children who had a high capacity for spatial and visual orientation benefited from a better understanding and perception of geometric figures. However, the importance of students'''' spatial reasoning in relation to mathematics was identified, but only in terms of geometry. Poor quality of spatial notions has been found to be one of the causes of delay in the acquisition of reading, writing and mathematical calculation. The role of fine motor skills in the writing process was also noted, being of real importance in times when the child manipulates the writing tool and puts a word or a sentence on the page.

Penerapan Bahasa Jurnalistik pada Berita Utama di Koran Harian Jurnal Bogor Edisi 07-13 Juni 2017 Dan Edisi 05-11 Juli 2017

<p class="15bIsiAbstractBInggris"><em><span lang="EN-US">The Application of Journalistic Language to Main News in Journal Bogor Daily Newspaper Issue 07-13 June 2017 and Issue 05-11 July 2017. Users and connoisseurs of mass media-primarily aimed at the mass media print whether it’s in the form of newspapers, magazines, tabloids, or mass media other prints maybe a lot of what’s been ignored enough the language of journalism or the language of the variety of journalism in their daily life. The reason, which is their focal point is not on the language, but what is mandated through the language device. Journalistic language is used by journalists called the press language of journalistic language. The language of journalism has distinctive characteristics: brief, solid, clear, democratic, simple, populist and interesting. Language of journalism based on the standard language, does not consider lax rules of grammar, pay attention to the correct spelling, in the journalistic language vocabulary followed developments in society. So, in this research formulated 2 (two) formulation of problem that is: How is the application of journalistic language in the headlines? And what the language of journalism is appropriate in the headlines? The purpose of this study is to knowing the applicability and appropriateness of journalistic language on the headlines at daily newspaper journals Bogor edition 07-13 June 2017 and 05-11 July 2017. This research uses qualitative approach with interview method depth (in-depth interview) where the researchers conduct direct interviews with Primed daily newspaper journal Bogor on how to apply the language of journalism on headlines in the form of titles and leads and analysing the contents of the suitability of journalistic language on the headlines titles and leads to describe it. By using in-depth interview method can generate data accurate direct from Primed regarding the application of journalistic language with analysing the contents of headlines in the form of titles and leads can be seen is enough both with the completeness of the principles of journalistic language has been met but there are some titles that are still less clear and less populist because most people still lay with the language of journalism or language press used in print media. The leads are pretty obvious with what will be delivered. In conclusion the application and appropriateness of journalistic language on the headlines is good enough because it consistently continues to use the principles of language journalism but in the implementation, there is still a mistake on the title which is less clear</span></em><em><span lang="EN-MY">.</span></em></p><p class="16aJudulAbstrak"><strong><span lang="IN">Abs</span><span lang="EN-US">trak</span></strong></p><p class="16bIsiAbstrak"><span lang="IN">Para pengguna dan penikmat media massa-utamanya ditujukan pada media massa cetak, entah itu yang berbentuk surat kabar, majalah, tabloid, atau media massa cetak lainnya-mungkin sekali banyak yang selama ini tidak cukup memedulikan bahasa jurnalistik atau bahasa ragam jurnalistik dalam keseharian mereka. Alasannya, yang menjadi titik fokus mereka bukan pada bahasa, tetapi apa yang diamanatkan lewat peranti bahasa itu. Bahasa jurnalistik adalah yang digunakan oleh wartawan dinamakan bahasa pers atau bahasa jurnalistik. Bahasa jurnalistik memiliki sifat-sifat khas yaitu: singkat, padat, jelas, demokratis, sederhana, populis dan menarik. Bahasa jurnalistik didasarkan pada bahasa baku, tidak mengganggap sepi kaidah-kaidah tata bahasa, memperhatikan ejaan yang benar, dalam kosakata bahasa jurnalistik mengikuti perkembangan dalam masyarakat. Maka pada penelitian ini dirumuskan 2 (dua) rumusan masalah yaitu: Bagaimanakah penerapan bahasa jurnalistik dalam berita utama? Dan apakah bahasa jurnalistik sudah sesuai dalam berita utama? Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penerapan dan kesesuaian bahasa jurnalistik pada berita utama di koran harian jurnal bogor edisi 07-13 Juni 2017 dan 05-11 Juli 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) dimana periset melakukan wawancara langsung dengan Pimred koran harian jurnal bogor mengenai bagaimana penerapan bahasa jurnalistik pada berita utama berupa judul dan <em>lead </em>dan menganalisis isi dari kesesuaian bahasa jurnalistik pada berita utama berupa judul dan <em>lead </em>untuk mendeskripsikannya. Dengan menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam dapat menghasilkan data akurat langsung dari Pimred mengenai penerapan bahasa jurnalistik dengan menganalisis isi dari berita utama berupa judul dan <em>lead </em>bisa dilihat sudah cukup baik dengan kelengkapan prinsip-prinsip bahasa jurnalistik sudah terpenuhi namun ada beberapa judul yang masih kurang jelas dan kurang populis karena sebagian besar masyarakat masih awam dengan bahasa jurnalistik atau bahasa pers yang digunakan pada media cetak. Pada bagian <em>lead </em>sudah cukup jelas dengan apa yang akan disampaikan. Kesimpulannya penerapan dan kesesuaian bahasa jurnalistik pada berita utama sudah cukup baik karena konsisten terus memakai prinsip-prinsip bahasa jurnalistik akan tetapi dalam pelaksanaanya masih terdapat kesalahan pada judul yang kurang jelas.</span></p>

"LEXICOGRAPHY" AND DICTIONARY COMPILATION

Background. This article examines lexicography - a separate science that includes theoretical lexicography with its own theory, and since there is a theory, then there is practice, that is, practical lexicography. Lexicographic research combines both theoretical and practical aspects. The creation of innovative models of theoretical linguistic conclusions for new practical lexicographic products is the main task of lexicographic research. As a mirror reflecting the development of civilizations, the state and level of the people, relations in society, the development of scientifically progressive or orthodox thought, the dictionary covers a variety of fields of science and technology: from interpretation and semantic explanation of a word, to correct spelling and translation from one language to another.