The Position of the Victim in Criminal Procedure — Results of a German Study

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Kury ◽  
Michael Kaiser ◽  
Raymond Teske

In the last few years, the crime victim has moved into the forefront of criminological research and criminal justice policy. This is a worldwide development. In many countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany, victim protection and victim compensation laws have been enacted. The extent to which such legal steps effect an actual improvement of the victims' situation remains largely unexamined. This paper presents the results of a German research project which examined the influence of the recently revised German victim protection law upon criminal law practice. Judges, prosecutors and lawyers were surveyed. A clear resistance by judges and prosecutors was discerned relative to implementing the victim protection rights. For them, the victim is still an outsider and a ‘trouble maker’ within the criminal proceedings. They see increased victim attention as involving additional trouble, effort, time, and possibly creating longer delays in proceedings. In contrast, the attitudes of the attorneys were more favorable toward including the victim in the criminal justice process.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Jhovindo Sitorus ◽  
Rizkan Zulyadi ◽  
Wessy Trisna

Protection against victims of theft is a protection according to Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, all efforts are to fulfill rights and provide assistance to provide security to victims that must be carried out by the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) or other institutions according to criteria. This protection is given at all stages of the criminal justice process within the judicial environment. The following are the rights of victims and witnesses in Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims Article 5. The research method in this paper is a normative method that collects library data. The results and discussion of this study is about the protection of victims of theft based on the decision number: 20 / Pid.B / 2017 / PN. Mdn, based on the principle or theory of justice is not fair because there is no restitution or compensation to the victim, and the judge's consideration is to pay attention to things that are lightening and burdensome and pay attention to the absence of justification and forgiveness reasons for imposing a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment for 2 years against the perpetrators.


Author(s):  
Tatyana Ryabinina

The article deals with current and controversial issue in the criminal science, specifically the need for the Russian criminal justice process to have an institute to return a criminal case to the procurator at the stage of appointment and preparation of the court hearing. The author emphasizes that during the continuance of RSFSR Code of Criminal Procedure, a special emphasis was put on it as a guarantee of the delivery of justice and the rights of the participants in the proceedings, that put in place the arrangements necessary for an effective court trial. The goal of modern judicial reform is to establish an independent judiciary whose main function is the delivery of justice which can be implemented in criminal proceedings only in adversary criminal proceedings. Since the beginning of its implementation, attitudes towards the institution of returning a criminal case by a court to a procurator to correct lacunae, loopholes, contradictions, irregularities or flaws in pre-trial proceedings have changed dramatically. It is perceived as an attribute of the courts prosecutorial activities, which is inconsistent with its new role as an independent body to resolve legal disputes between a state and an individual awaiting for a founded and equitable decision from the court. Despite critical rhetoric towards the institution of returning the criminal case to the prosecutor, the author argues that it is necessary due to specific status of the first judicial phase in a staged system of Russian criminal justice process. This institute creates conditions for monitoring and verification activities of judges at this stage, and the corresponding authority of judges to determine the future course of criminal cases brought before the courts. However, the author concludes that the task of rectifying the shortcomings of the prosecution can be addressed at the preliminary hearing introduced by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation to resolve various contentious issues. When it is impossible to remove the obstacles that prevent the court from conducting a trial, the judge may, taking into account the views of the parties, decide to return the case to the prosecutor.


Author(s):  
Widyo Pramono ,

<p>Abstract<br />Law enforcement practices in the field of taxation has not yet had a positive correlation between the examination of taxation and the increasing of state revenues from the taxpayer . The double standards applied by the Tax Directorate in addressing abuses of legislation in the field of taxation has often occured. Therefore, it is necessary cohesion between a tax assessment and an enforcementof law on the state revenue optimization. A Such efforts can be made through: firstly, it is necessary to drawn up the characteristics of the violations and irregularities a tax regulation. The perceptions differences between law enforcement officers typically associated classification of administrative violation , crime in the area of taxation , and corruption in the field of taxation. Thus the similarity mindset , understanding and commonality of action in following up on the alleged irregularities in the field of taxation are essentially needed , There is important to do as a first step.whether through administrative action or through the enforcement of criminal law. Secondly, the integration between the principal tax debt settlement and the criminal justice process. There will be often two different things and seems “face to face” during the criminal proceedings and the principal tax debt settlement. When a taxpayer is processed through the criminal justice mechanisms and sanctions as well as criminal fines , then at the same time officers issued a tax assessment as the basis of its tax debt collection . Whereas one of the basic elements in determining the losses in state revenues is actually the result of calculation of tax liabilities and tax audit. As a result, the issuance of SKP conducted after the criminal justice process , which raises the number of “ tax debts hanging “.<br /><em>Keywords: Taxation, revenues, law enforcement</em></p><p>Abstrak<br />Peraturan perundang-undangan dan berbagai praktik penegakan hukum di bidang perpajakan ternyata masih belum memiliki korelasi positif antara pemeriksaan di bidang perpajakan dengan peningkatan penerimaan negara dari wajib pajak. Standar ganda yang diterapkan Ditjen Pajak dalam menindaklanjuti pelanggaran peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang perpajakan seringkali terjadi. Oleh karena itu perlu diupayakan keterpaduan antara pemeriksaan pajak dan penegakan hukum di satu pihak dengan optimalisasi penerimaan negara. Upaya tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui pertama, diperlukan adanya pemetaan terhadap karakteristik pelanggaran dan penyimpangan di bidang perpajakan. Perbedaan persepsi antar aparat penegak hukum biasanya terkait klasifikasi pelanggaran administrasi, tindak pidana di bidang perpajakan, maupun korupsi di bidang perpajakan. Maka kesamaan pola pikir, pemahaman dan kesamaan tindakan dalam menindaklanjuti adanya dugaan penyimpangan di bidang perpajakan, apakah melalui tindakan administrasi ataukah melalui penegakan hukum pidana menjadi penting untuk dilakukan sebagai langkah awal. Kedua, adanya integrasi antara penyelesaian utang pokok pajak dengan proses peradilan pidana. Selama ini antara proses peradilan pidana dengan penyelesaian utang pokok pajak, merupakan dua hal yang terpisah dan terkadang berhadap-hadapan. Ketika seorang wajib pajak diproses melalui mekanisme peradilan pidana dan dikenakan sanksi pidana berikut denda, maka pada saat itu pula aparat Ditjen Pajak menerbitkan SKP sebagai dasar penagihan utang pajaknya. Padahal salah satu dasar dalam menentukan unsur kerugian pada pendapatan negara, sesungguhnya merupakan utang pajak hasil perhitungan dan pemeriksaan pajak. Akibatnya penerbitan SKP yang dilakukan setelah proses peradilan pidana, justru menimbulkan banyaknya “utang pajak menggantung”.<br /><em>Kata kunci: Perpajakan, penerimaan negara, penegakan hukum</em></p>


Author(s):  
Patrick Bashizi Bashige Murhula ◽  
Aden Dejene Tolla

Restorative justice is a holistic philosophy that has become increasingly popular in reformist criminal justice debates and criminological research. However, there is some debate as to whether its programs adequately address victims’ needs. To this end, this paper analyses the effectiveness of restorative justice practices on victims of crime. Drawing on my interviews conducted with victims of crime and legal experts in South Africa, the findings of this study offer support for the effectiveness of a restorative justice approach to addressing victim satisfaction. Restorative justice can enable the needs of victims to be more fully considered during the criminal justice process. This is very different from contemporary criminal justice, which has often effectively excluded victims from almost every aspect of its proceedings despite its continuous reform to protect and promote victims’ rights.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widyo Pramono

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>L</em><em>a</em><em>w enforcement practices in the field of taxation has not yet had a positive correlation between the examination of taxation and the increasing of state revenues from the taxpayer . The double standards applied by the Tax Directorate in addressing abuses of legislation in the field of taxation has often occured. Therefore, it is necessary cohesion between a tax assessment and an enforcementof law on the state revenue optimization. A Such efforts can be made through: firstly, it is necessary to drawn up the characteristics of the violations and irregularities a tax regulation. The perceptions differences between law enforcement officers typically associated classification of administrative violation , crime in the area of taxation , and corruption in the field of taxation. Thus the similarity mindset , understanding and commonality of action in following up on the alleged irregularities in the field of taxation are essentially needed , There is important to do as a first step.whether through administrative action or through the enforcement of criminal law.  Secondly, the integration between the principal tax debt settlement and the criminal justice process. There will be often two different things and seems “face to face” during the criminal proceedings and the principal tax debt settlement. When a taxpayer is processed through the criminal justice mechanisms and sanctions as well as  criminal fines , then at the same time officers issued a tax assessment as the basis of its tax debt collection . Whereas one of the basic elements in determining the losses in state revenues is actually the result of calculation of tax liabilities and tax audit As a result, the issuance of SKP conducted after the criminal justice process , which raises the number of “ tax debts hanging “.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>T</em><em>axation, revenues, law enforcement</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Peraturan perundang-undangan dan berbagai praktik penegakan hukum di bidang perpajakan ternyata masih belum memiliki korelasi positif antara pemeriksaan di bidang perpajakan dengan peningkatan penerimaan negara dari wajib pajak. Standar ganda yang diterapkan Ditjen Pajak dalam menindaklanjuti pelanggaran peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang perpajakan seringkali terjadi. Oleh karena itu perlu diupayakan keterpaduan antara pemeriksaan pajak dan penegakan hukum di satu pihak dengan optimalisasi penerimaan negara. Upaya tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui pertama, diperlukan adanya pemetaan terhadap karakteristik pelanggaran dan penyimpangan di bidang perpajakan. Perbedaan persepsi antar aparat penegak hukum biasanya terkait klasifikasi pelanggaran administrasi, tindak pidana di bidang perpajakan, maupun korupsi di bidang perpajakan. Maka kesamaan pola pikir, pemahaman dan kesamaan tindakan dalam menindaklanjuti adanya dugaan penyimpangan di bidang perpajakan, apakah melalui tindakan administrasi ataukah melalui penegakan hukum pidana menjadi penting untuk dilakukan sebagai langkah awal. <em>Kedua</em>, adanya integrasi antara penyelesaian utang pokok pajak dengan proses peradilan pidana. Selama ini antara proses peradilan pidana dengan penyelesaian utang pokok pajak, merupakan dua hal yang terpisah dan terkadang berhadap-hadapan. Ketika seorang wajib pajak diproses melalui mekanisme peradilan pidana dan dikenakan sanksi pidana berikut denda, maka pada saat itu pula aparat Ditjen Pajak menerbitkan SKP sebagai dasar penagihan utang pajaknya. Padahal salah satu dasar dalam menentukan unsur kerugian pada pendapatan negara, sesungguhnya merupakan utang pajak hasil perhitungan dan pemeriksaan pajak. Akibatnya penerbitan SKP yang dilakukan setelah proses peradilan pidana, justru menimbulkan banyaknya “utang pajak menggantung”.</p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>Perpajakan, penerimaan negara, penegakan hukum


2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Duff

On 1 April 1996, a rather odd provision was introduced into the Scottish criminal justice process, namely a duty on both prosecution and defence to try to agree uncontroversial evidence in advance of criminal trial.1 As far as the writer is aware, such a provision is unique, although the philosophy underlying its introduction is not totally alien to inquisitorial systems of criminal justice.2 What is particularly peculiar about this duty is that there is no sanction for a failure, however unreasonable, to agree uncontroversial evidence.3 The lack of a sanction resulted from a concern that the creation of any penalty would impinge unjustifiably upon the rights of the accused. The intention in this article is to explore in detail the relationship between the duty to agree uncontroversial evidence and the position of the accused, and to suggest that the imposition of a sanction for a breach of this duty is not as problematic as was thought by those responsible for the legislation.


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