Article 5: The Right to Parental Guidance Consistent with the Evolving Capacity of the Child

Abstract‘Governments can help, support families, plan visits by social workers. Have a closer follow-up. Children should participate in specific projects (with the presence of parents).’ (Western Europe/Other)

Law Enforcement towards Online Mass Media Abuse According to the Press Law

The resolution process of law enforcement related to press offences differs in Indonesia. The disparity in resolving legal issues arising from press violations in Indonesia is due, in part, to differing interpretations of press regulations. Some actions were taken under Law No. 40 of 1999 Concerning the Press (Press Law). Some issues were resolved through the Criminal Code or the Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP). This study is interested in looking into law enforcement against the abuse of mass media through online media in terms of press law and the Criminal Code and the barriers to its enforcement. The method used in this research is a normative juridical and empirical juridical approach. Subsequently, data analysis uses qualitative analysis methods. The paper concludes by arguing that enforcing press law against abuse of mass media through online media is accomplished by enforcing Article 5 paragraph (1) of the Press Law. However, Article 5 paragraph (1) of the Press Law does not regulate or formulate the delusions of defamation and insults as regulated in Article 310 of the Criminal Code. The absence of norms and conditions for when and in what cases the press can and cannot be brought to court for violating criminal law and sentenced to criminal sanctions is a barrier in law enforcement on the misuse of mass media through online media associated with press laws.

STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM BAGI ANAK TUNAGRAHITA

Education is the right of all citizens regardless of origin, caste or physical condition of a person, including children with disabilities. As mandated in the Constitution Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System in article 5 paragraphs 1 and 2 it is stated that "Every citizen has the same right to obtain quality education and "Every citizen who has physical, mental, intellectual and or social workers have the right to special education” (UU Sisdiknas 2003). Therefore, Islamic religious education must also be given to children with special needs, one of which is mentally retarded children, of course in the learning process using different learning strategies from the learning strategies applied to formal school students.Keywords: Mental retardation, Learning StrategyAbstrakPendidikan sebagai hak seluruh warga negara tanpa membedakan asal-usul, kasta maupun keadaan fisik seseorang, termasuk anak-anak yang memiliki kecacatan. Sebagaimana di amanatkan dalam UUD Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional pada pasal 5 ayat 1 dan 2 dinyatakan bahwa “Setiap warga negara mempunyai hak yang sama untuk memperoleh pendidikan yang bermutu dan “Setiap warga Negara yang memiliki kelainan fisik, mental, intelektual dan atau sosial berhak memperoleh pendidikan khusus” (UU Sisdiknas 2003). Oleh sebab itulah pendidikan agama Islam juga harus diberikan kepada anak berkebutuhan khusus salah satunya adalah anak Tunagrahita, tentunya dalam proses pembelajarannya menggunakan strategi pembelajaran yang berbeda dengan strategi pembelajaran yang diterapkan pada siswa sekolah formal.Kata kunci: Tunagrahita, Strategi Pembelajaran

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LABOUR LAW – OVERREGULATION OF THE LABOUR CODE OR LEGITIMACY OF THEM BEING SINGLED OUT?

The legislator, guided by the fundamental importance of certain rights in individual and collective employment relationships, decided to formally single out certain principles and separate them from the entire system of labour law principles, giving them the status of basic principles. The singled out principles avoided the fate of other principles, which are the product of doctrine and jurisprudence. The will of the legislator to single out basic principles is the causal reason for their placement in an act of unifying character, having reference to all employees, regardless of their employment model. Only in such a way, taking into account the rules of legislative technique as well as the dualistic model of employment and the mechanism of the interdependence of the general law with special laws (Article 5 of the Labour Code), was it possible to carry out the will of the legislator

The Interpretation of Certain Norms of the General Administrative Code of Georgia and Law of Georgia on Police

This article is related to issues of interpretation of certain norms defined under General Administrative Code of Georgia and Law of Georgia on Police. In particular, Article 3 of the General Administrative Code of Georgia regulates the scope of this code. However, pro-vision of the Article 4 does not contain any reference to the administrative offenses committed by the police and other administrative bodies, what in specific cases may lead to ambiguity in regards the scope of this code – as subject required by the General Administrative Code of Georgia and Administrative Offenses Code of Georgia, in both cases is an authorized administrative body (officials). Responding to administrative offenses by police is an important part of the activities carried out by the state authority (police). There- fore, Law of Georgia on Police distinguishes preventive function of the police from function of responding to offense. Also, the Article 5 of the law defines legal grounds for police activities, however this article does not contain specific references to Administrative Offenses Code of Georgia what can be deemed as legislative shortcoming. Taking into consideration the above-mentioned, in order to clarify the law and to achieve objective goal of the legal norm, below listed terms shall be added to 1. General Administrative Code of Georgia Section 4, Article 3, and 2. Law of Georgia on Police, Article 5.

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemilik Kartu Elektronik dalam Transaksi E-Commerce

An electronic contract is a contract made by the parties through electronic media, each party when negotiating does not need to have a face-to-face meeting but uses electronic media such as email. Currently, electronic contracts have received legitimacy and protection by Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. This study aims to examine the validity of the same as written contracts on credit card ownership agreements and to reveal legal protection for credit card owners in conducting E-commerce transactions. This research was conducted using normative legal research. The sources of legal materials are primary legal materials, which are sourced from legislation and secondary sources of legal materials are taken from relevant literatures with the issues studied. After the research data has been collected, it is then processed and analyzed in a descriptive qualitative way. The results of the study indicate that the legal protection provided by Article 26 of Law Number 8 of 1999 provides protection for consumers by requiring business actors who trade services to fulfill agreed guarantees and or guarantees. An electronic contract is valid evidence if it is presented as evidence at the court table based on article 5 of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.

An exploration of ECtHR jurisprudence governing the administration of release processes for life and long-term sentence prisoners: Perspectives from the United Kingdom

The purpose of the research themes examined in this article is to contribute to the ongoing debate pertaining to substantive criminal laws and procedures governing sentence reviews of prolonged detention for life and long-term sentence prisoners in accordance with Article 5(4) ECHR. The incompatibility of whole life irreducible sentences with Article 3 ECHR is examined through the lens of the ECtHR judgment in Vinter, Moore and Bamber v United Kingdom. The analyses of ECtHR jurisprudence is heavily skewed towards the administration of indeterminate life, and by analogy long-term determinate sentences, in the United Kingdom which is an outlier jurisdiction in a European context given that, in conjunction with Turkey, it accounts for the majority of persons serving life sentences. The article focuses on pertinent ECHR provisions and associated ECtHR jurisprudence, with perspectives from the United Kingdom on their implementation as a case study. While key themes are disinterred from the ECtHR’s jurisprudence that will presumably inform sentence review procedures in European states, a broader analysis of release systems operative in a European context is beyond the scope of the article.

Biofumigation for the Control of Vegetables Soilborne Pathogens in Some non-Temperate Climate Countries

Soil-borne pathogens (SBPs) significantly reduce the yield and quality of crops worldwide. In the past, their control was principally accomplished by using soil fumigants such as methyl bromide (MB). However, this fumigant which is a powerful ozone-depleting substance, has completely been phased out under the Montreal Protocol (MP). New chemicals and non-chemical alternatives to MB, including biofumigation, have been actively researched, developed, and commercially adopted worldwide. This review seeks to provide the status of biofumigation for the control of SBPs in some non-temperate climate zones referred to in this paper as Article 5 countries or developing countries according to the Montreal Protocol (MP) classification. The review will first define “the non-temperate climate zone,” list the countries belonging to this zone, focus on the role and importance of the MP in phasing-out MB, and in searching and commercially adopting alternatives including biofumigation to this fumigant. It also describes the biofumigation techniques reported and used, reports its efficacy/inefficacy to manage SBPs in some non-climate temperate countries, insists on the place it must have in an IPM program to increase its efficacy, and finally, lists the collaboration and the research needed to further develop and commercially adopt this technology in non-temperate climate countries.