Completion of The Criminal Case outside Court by the Prosecutor's Office in realizing The Goal of Law Enforcement

One of the state apparatuses that are given the task and authority to carry out law enforcement is the Prosecutor. In carrying out its duties and functions, the prosecutor is organized in an Institution called the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia or can be called the Prosecutor's Office. The main task of the Prosecutor's Office carried out by the Prosecutor is to prosecute criminal cases. In carrying out the task of prosecution, the Prosecutor is authorized to determine whether or not a case can be brought to court and what article will becharged. The authority of the Prosecutor in resolving criminal cases outside the court that makes the author more tendentious to conduct research. The problem with this research is 1). Bhow are the obstacles to solving criminal cases outside the court by the Prosecutor's Office? 2). Is the settlement of cases outside the Court conducted by the Prosecutor's Office in accordance with the values of justice? By using the type of normative juridical research it is known that: The Authority of the Prosecutor in the settlement of criminal cases outside the Court can realize the goal of law enforcement, namely justice, legal certainty and usefulness for the community. The settlement of criminal cases outside the court can also realize the ideals of a fast, simple and cheap judiciary and optimize the participation of the community in law enforcement.

Verbalisan Witness Position as Evidence of a Criminal Case

The presence of Constitutional Court Decision Number 65/PUUVIII/2010 expands the meaning of witnesses in Article 1 point 26 of the KUHAP, resulting in the emergence of various interpretations in criminal justice practice concerning the position of verbal witness testimony as evidence. Juridically, the decision creates problems considering that the Criminal Procedure Code or Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP) does not recognize verbal witnesses' testimony as evidence. This study examined the position and the strength of verbal witnesses' testimony as evidence in criminal proceedings. After gathering all the data using normative and empirical juridical research, this paper concludes that the testimony of verbal witnesses is grouped in the evidence of guidance in Article 188 Paragraph (1) of the KUHAP because the testimony of verbal witnesses is not primary evidence. After all, its existence is contingent on the judge's willingness to employ it. The strength of proof of testimony of verbal witnesses is that they must satisfy the elements of Article 188 paragraph (1) of the KUHAP, namely the information referred to in the form of events or circumstances concerning a criminal act, as well as conformity with other evidence, as required by Article 188 paragraph (2) of the KUHAP.

A FEW REMARKS REGARDING EVIDENCE FROM THE INTERROGATION OF A WITNESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE SUBJECT OF A COMMUNITY INTERVIEW CONDUCTED IN A CRIMINAL CASE (ARTICLES 214 OF THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE)

The author discusses the role of documentary evidence in the form of the background survey in criminal proceedings. He also examines the possibilities and scope of verification of its content by interviewing as witnesses the person who conducted the evidence and the persons who provided information as part of the background survey. He emphasizes that it is justified in this case – in the context of the principle expressed in Art. 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure – different approach to admitting and taking evidence from the testimonies of witnesses on the circumstances covered by the background survey. The article attempts to select typical cases in which it would be advisable to admit evidence from the testimonies of witnesses for the circumstances identified through the background survey.

ELECTRONIC DATABASES AS A SOURCE OF OBTAINING DATA FOR THE CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE PROVEN IN A CRIMINAL CASE

The article provides an analysis of the sources of obtaining evidentiary and other information necessaryfor the investigation body, the prosecutor (state prosecutor) and the court to implement the provisions on theconfiscation of property under Art. 104.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. With examples fromthe judicial practice of the federal court and the positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation,set out in the Resolution of the Plenum, the issue of obtaining information from electronic databases aboutthe property status of a participant in criminal proceedings is considered. The possibilities of GAS “Justice” ofPI “Judicial record-keeping” on the issues under consideration are revealed. The conclusion is substantiatedthat the conclusion that electronic databases can and should be used as a source of obtaining data for thecircumstances to be proved in a criminal case. Taking into account the provisions of Articles 73 and 74 of theCriminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the place and type of information received, using theseelectronic databases, in the evidence system in a criminal case, is determined. The conclusion is substantiatedthat the list of compositions (articles) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, according to which itis possible to apply confiscation by a conviction of a court, is practically unlimited, and, to be more precise,is limited only to the list of articles of the Special Part of the said code.

Niezależność sądu oraz niezawisłość sędziowska w sprawach karnych w okresie rządów autorytarnych i totalitarnych w Polsce

At present, there is no doubt that a need exists to ensure the citizens’ right to have a criminal case examined by an independent and unbiased court. For the proper functioning of the court-based administration of justice to be possible, the courts must have the attribute of independence and the judges must be autonomous. These issues are regulated in international treaties to which Poland is a party. The aim of this study is to describe the role of judiciary independence and judicial autonomy in criminal cases. In order to achieve these goals, considerations will be presented on the essence of such independence and autonomy, and a reference will be made to the way the authoritarian state functioned after the May coup in the Second Polish Republic, and the totalitarian state during the era of the Polish People’s Republic.

LEGALITAS PEMERIKSAAN SIDANG PERKARA PIDANA MELALUI MEDIA TELECONFERENCE DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The focus of this research is to identify regulations governing the implementation of criminal case trials using teleconference media in Indonesia and to analyze the legality of these trials during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is a normative legal research. Legal materials are obtained through literature study and interviews with legal practitioners, then processed qualitatively. Based on the results, the author obtained two conclusions. First, regulation of criminal case trials using teleconference media in Indonesia has been regulating in several laws in Indonesia. Second, the implementation of the trial during the COVID-19 pandemic, which required the defendant to remain in prison, was contrary to the principle of the defendant's presence at trial as regulated by the Criminal Procedure Code. Besides, the legal-based in the form of a circular cannot override the Criminal Procedure Code. Meanwhile, the legal umbrella in the form of an agreement is not appropriate considering its dimensions are private and only bind the parties. Keywords:criminal trials, teleconference, the COVID-19 pandemic AbstrakFokus pembahasan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur pelaksanaan sidang teleconference di Indonesia dan menganalisis legalitas persidangan perkara pidana yang memanfaatkan media teleconference di masa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Bahan hukum diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara dengan praktisi hukum yang kemudian diolah secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Penulis memperoleh dua kesimpulan. Pertama, pemeriksaan sidang perkara pidana melalui media teleconference di Indonesia sudah diatur dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Kedua, pelaksanaan persidangan tersebut di masa pandemi COVID-19 yang mengharuskan terdakwa tetap berada di Rutan/Lapas bertentangan dengan asas kehadiran terdakwa di persidangan sebagaimana diatur oleh KUHAP. Selain itu, payung hukum berupa surat edaran bukan merupakan peraturan perundang-undangan sehingga tidak dapat mengenyampingkan KUHAP. Sedangkan, payung hukum berupa perjanjian kerja sama tidaklah tepat mengingat dimensinya yang bersifat privat dan hanya mengikat para pihak. Kata Kunci:persidangan pidana, teleconference, pandemi COVID-19

Russian court in adversarial criminal procedures

This article discusses the role of the Russian court in accusatory criminal proceedings. At the legislative and practical levels, there is uncertainty about the degree of judicial activity in relation to the question of evidence. The theoretical model of the accusatory system assumes that there is minimal judicial intervention in the investigative proceedings of the parties. The latter must act and defend their position in the criminal case. The court is supposed to have a passive stance. The methodological basis of this study is composed of general scientific and legal methods such as dialectical, historical, systematic, comparative legal, formal-logical methods, etc. Most countries that practice an accusatory model of criminal justice grant the court a certain level of action that allows it to participate fully in the evidence during trials. By way of conclusion, it is suggested to improve the capabilities of the Russian court to actively investigate the evidence, as well as to offer new forms of defense to the parties.

KEDUDUKAN SAKSI VERBALISAN DALAM SISTEM PEMBUKTIAN MENURUT KUHAP

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah keterangan saksi verbalisan dapat menunjang keyakinan hakim dalam memutuskan suatu perkara tindak pidana dan apakah keterangan saksi verbalisan tidak bertentangan dengan upaya penegakan hak-hak terdakwa sebagaimana yang diatur dalam KUHP sesuai dengan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Mamuju Nomor 204/Pid.B/2018/PN.Mam.Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif – normatif.lokasi penelitian di Pengadilan Negeri Mamuju. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh Penulis lewat wawancara dengan Majelis Hakim dan Penyidik kepolisian serta menganalisis sebuah putusan yang berkaitan dengan tema peneltian ini, diperoleh hasil: (1) keterangan saksi verbalisan dapat menunjang keyakinan hakim dalam memutus suatu perkara pidana. (2) keterangan saksi verbalisan tidak bertentangan dengan upaya penegakan hak-hak terdakwa sebagaimana yang diatur dalam KUHP. Hakim bebas menilai kebenaran yang terkandung di dalamnya. Serta, kekuatan saksi verbalisan dalam penggunaannya tidak dapat berdiri sendiri melainkan juga harus didukung dengan alat-alat bukti yang lain. Apabila keterangan saksi verbalisan sesuai dengan alat-alat bukti yang lain maka keterangan saksi verbalisan dapat mempunyai nilai dan dapat digunakan dalam membantah sangkalan saksi dalam persidangan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu Penggunaan saksi verbalisan (saksi penyidik) dalam proses pembuktian perkara pidana diperlukan apabila dalam pemeriksaan sidang pengadilan saksi dan atau terdakwa memungkiri keterangan yang ada berita acara penyidikan karena adanya unsur paksaan atau tekanan baik itu berupa tekanan mental maupun fisik dari pihak penyidik pada waktu pembuatan berita acara penyidikan, sehingga menyebabkan fakta-fakta hukum yang didapat dalam pemeriksaan pengadilan menjadi kurang jelas. This study aims to determine whether the verbal witness testimony can support the judge's conviction in deciding a criminal case and whether the verbal witness testimony does not conflict with efforts to enforce the defendant's rights as regulated in the Criminal Code in accordance with the Mamuju District Court Decision Number 204/Pid.B /2018/PN.Mam. This research was conducted using quantitative, normative research methods. The research location was at the Mamuju District Court. Based on the research that has been done by the author through interviews with Judge Majelis and police investigators and analyzing a decision related to the title of the thesis, the results obtained are: (1) verbal witness testimony can support the judge's belief in deciding a criminal case. (2) the testimony of the verbal witness does not contradict the efforts to enforce the rights of the accused as regulated in the Criminal Code. Judges are free to judge the truth contained therein. Also, the power of verbal witnesses in their use cannot stand alone but must also be supported by other evidence. If the verbal witness testimony is in accordance with other evidence, the verbal witness testimony can have value and can be used to refute the witness's denial in the trial. The conclusion of this study is that the use of verbal witnesses (investigating witnesses) in the process of proving a criminal case is necessary if during a trial the witness and/or the defendant denies the information contained in the investigation report because of an element of coercion or pressure either in the form of mental or physical pressure from the investigator at the time of making the investigation report, causing the legal facts obtained in court examination to be less clear.

The institution of suspicion and the initial stage of the criminal process: interrelated prospects of development

The article considers the question of the interdependence of the improvement of the institution of suspicion and the transformation of the initial stage of the Russian criminal process. The article highlights the problem of the legislative limitation of the period of the procedural status of a person as a suspect in the event of a criminal case being initiated not against him, but upon the commission of a crime and insufficient evidence of the involvement/non-involvement of such a person in a criminal offence committed at the initial stage of the investigation, which often does not allow avoiding unreasonable restrictions on the constitutional rights and freedoms of this participant in criminal proceedings. The relevant experience of some post-Soviet states that followed the path of a radical change in the criminal procedure model after the collapse of the USSR is analysed. The article compares the provisions of the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic directly related to the institution of suspicion, including the moment of triggering criminal prosecution and the duration of a suspect’s keeping the specified procedural status. The arguments given in the article substantiate the need to reform the initial moment of the emergence of the procedural status of a suspect in Russian criminal proceedings and the associated expediency of abolishing the stage of initiation of a criminal case in order to increase the guarantee of the rights and legitimate interests of the person introduced into the procedural status we are analysing.