scholarly journals Hepatic Hilar Lymph Node Reactivity at Kasai Portoenterostomy for Biliary Atresia: Correlations With Age, Outcome, and Histology of Proximal Biliary Remnant

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
KE Bove ◽  
R Sheridan ◽  
L Fei ◽  
R Anders ◽  
CT Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Biliary Atresia ◽  
Cystic Duct ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
Hilar Lymph Node ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Congenital Biliary Atresia

We hypothesized that if infection is the proximate cause of congenital biliary atresia, an appropriate response to antigen would occur in lymph nodes contiguous with the biliary remnant. We compared the number of follicular germinal centers (GC) in 79 surgically excised hilar lymph nodes (LN) and 27 incidentally discovered cystic duct LNs in 84 subjects at the time of hepatic portoenterostomy (HPE) for biliary atresia (BA) to autopsy controls from the pancreaticobiliary region of non-septic infants >3 months old at death. All 27 control LN lacked GC, a sign in infants of a primary response to antigenic stimulation. GC were found in 53% of 106 LN in 56 of 84 subjects. Visible surgically excised LN contiguous with the most proximal biliary remnants had 1 or more well-formed reactive GC in only 26/51 subjects. Presence of GC and number of GC/LN was unrelated to age at onset of jaundice or to active fibroplasia in the biliary remnant but was related to older age at HPE. Absent GC in visible and incidentally removed cystic duct LNs predicted survival with the native liver at 2 and 3 years after HPE, P = .03, but significance was lost at longer intervals. The uncommon inflammatory lesions occasionally found in remnants could be secondary either to bile-induced injury or secondary infection established as obstruction evolves. The absence of consistent evidence of antigenic stimulation in LN contiguous with the biliary remnant supports existence of at least 1 major alternative to infection in the etiology of biliary atresia.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ANTIGENIC STIMULATION ON INCORPORATION OF PHOSPHATE AND METHIONINE INTO PROTEINS OF ISOLATED LYMPH NODE CELLS

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Kern ◽  
Herman N. Eisen
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Phosphate Incorporation ◽  
In Cells

Isolated lymph node cells incorporate inorganic orthophosphate into a protein fraction. The phosphorylated product is a phosphoprotein. The rate of phosphate incorporation into phosphoprotein was determined in cells isolated from regional lymph nodes at varying times after antigen injection. The rate was unaltered on the 3rd day, but was enhanced on the 4th day after injection. Parallel results were obtained with L-methionine incorporation into the same gross protein fraction. Possible relationships between antibody formation and the observed enhancement in phosphate incorporation into phosphoprotein are discussed.

scholarly journals THE X-Y-Z SCHEME OF IMMUNOCYTE MATURATION

1968 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera S. Byers ◽  
Eli E. Sercarz
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
Secondary Antibody ◽  
Booster Injection

A set of conditions has been described under which primed rabbit lymph nodes produce a secondary antibody response upon in vivo stimulation with a large dose of antigen, but are subsequently "exhausted;" that is, lymph node cultures prepared at intervals following the booster injection cannot be re-stimulated to display tertiary responses. Rabbits given 100-fold less antigen in the booster inoculum were able to give a tertiary response upon in vitro challenge. The system used permits neither induction nor continuation of a primary response to BSA in vitro. Since it could be demonstrated that no memory cells were generated by the booster injection within the intervals between in vivo injection and culture, the tertiary response in nonexhausted nodes must have been due to residual memory cells which remained untriggered by the in vivo booster injection. The unresponsive state was not caused by antibody feedback. These results are interpreted to mean that a population of memory cells can be exhausted by a supraoptimal dose of antigen, rendering the node temporarily incapable of further response. This implies that long-lived memory is not due to asymmetric division of memory cells. The source and fate of memory cells is discussed with regard to this evidence.

Congenital biliary atresia

1952 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Whitten ◽  
George C. Adie
Keyword(s):  
Biliary Atresia ◽  
Congenital Biliary Atresia

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1964 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben W. Papermaster ◽  
Richard M. Condie ◽  
Joanne Finstad ◽  
Robert A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Immunologic Reactivity ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Eptatretus Stoutii ◽  
Amia Calva ◽  
Secondary Stimulation ◽  
Bacteriophage T2

1. The California hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, seems to be completely lacking in adaptive immunity: it forms no detectable circulating antibody despite intensive stimulation with a range of antigens; it does not show reactivity to old tuberculin following sensitization with BCG; and gives no evidence of homograft immunity. 2. Studies on the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, have been limited to the response to bacteriophage T2 and hemocyanin in small groups of spawning animals. They suggest that the lamprey may have a low degree of immunologic reactivity. 3. One holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva) and the guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus), an elasmobranch, showed a low level of primary response to phage and hemocyanin. The response is slow and antibody levels low. Both the bowfin and the guitarfish showed a vigorous secondary response to phage, but neither showed much enhancement of reactivity to hemocyanin in the secondary response. The bowfin formed precipitating antibody to hemocyanin, but the guitarfish did not. Both hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody to hemocyanin were also observed in the primary response of the black bass. 4. The bowfin was successfully sensitized to Ascaris antigen, and lesions of the delayed type developed after challenge at varying intervals following sensitization. 5. The horned shark (Heterodontus franciscii) regularly cleared hemocyanin from the circulation after both primary and secondary antigenic stimulation, and regularly formed hemagglutinating antibody, but not precipitating antibody, after both primary and secondary stimulation with this antigen. These animals regularly cleared bacteriophage from the circulation after both the primary and secondary stimulation with bacteriophage T2. Significant but small amounts of antibody were produced in a few animals in the primary response, and larger amounts in the responding animals after secondary antigenic stimulation. 6. Studies by starch gel and immunoelectrophoresis show that the hagfish has no bands with mobilities of mammalian gamma globulins; that the lamprey has a single, relatively faint band of this type; and that multiple gamma bands are characteristic of the holostean, elasmobranchs, and teleosts studied. By this method of study, the bowfin appeared to have substantial amounts of gamma2 globulin. 7. We conclude that adaptive immunity and its cellular and humoral correlates developed in the lowest vertebrates, and that a rising level of immunologic reactivity and an increasingly differentiated and complex immunologic mechanism are observed going up the phylogenetic scale from the hagfish, to the lamprey, to the elasmobranchs, to the holosteans, and finally the teleosts.

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