Single and Combined Visual Distance Cues

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (23) ◽  
pp. 1184-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly G. Elliott ◽  
Elizabeth T. Davis ◽  
Robert A. King ◽  
Greg E. Fujawa
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Relative Height ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Visual Distance ◽  
Relative Brightness

This study investigated the pictorial cues of relative size, relative height, and relative brightness to determine their effects on distance perception. In Experiment 1, we systematically examined (1) the effectiveness and accuracy of each visual cue tested in isolation; (2) whether the forced-choice rating paradigm provides more sensitive measures than those obtained using a simple 2AFC paradigm; (3) whether ROC slopes obtained from the forced-choice rating data are equal to one, as assumed by Signal Detection Theory (SDT); and (4) how the relative effectiveness of each cue may change when the cues are combined to provide consistent or conflicting distance information. A method of constant stimuli procedure was used for each block of trials. Subjects were presented with simulated gray square objects within a visual scene and reported which of two squares appeared closer. For single cues, both relative size and relative height were more effective than relative brightness. The forced-choice rating paradigm was not significantly more sensitive than the 2AFC paradigm, although it did allow us to test some SDT predictions. For combined cues, we found that the relative effectiveness of a given cue in combination with other cues cannot necessarily be predicted from single cue data. These results have implications not only for developing more rigorous and comprehensive models of human spatial perception but also for designing more efficient and effective 3D environments.

The Perception of Distance in Simulated Visual Displays:A Comparison of the Effectiveness and Accuracy of Multiple Depth Cues Across Viewing Distances

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Troy Surdick ◽  
Elizabeth T. Davis ◽  
Robert A. King ◽  
Larry F. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Linear Perspective ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Texture Gradient ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Relative Height ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Relative Brightness ◽  
Depth Cue

The ability effectively and accurately to simulate distance in virtual and augmented reality systems is a challenge currently facing R&D. To examine this issue, we separately tested each of seven visual depth cues (relative brightness, relative size, relative height, linear perspective, foreshortening, texture gradient, and stereopsis) as well as the condition in which all seven of these cues were present and simultaneously providing distance information in a simulated display. The viewing distances were 1 and 2 m. In developing simulated displays to convey distance and depth there are three questions that arise. First, which cues provide effective depth information (so that only a small change in the depth cue results in a perceived change in depth)? Second, which cues provide accurate depth information (so that the perceived distance of two equidistant objects perceptually matches)? Finally, how does the effectiveness and accuracy of these depth cues change as a function of the viewing distance? Ten college-aged subjects were tested with each depth-cue condition at both viewing distances. They were tested using a method of constant stimuli procedure and a modified Wheat-stone stereoscopic display. The perspective cues (linear perspective, foreshortening, and texture gradient) were found to be more effective than other depth cues, while effectiveness of relative brightness was vastly inferior. Moreover, relative brightness, relative height, and relative size all significantly decreased in effectiveness with an increase in viewing distance. The depth cues did not differ in terms of accuracy at either viewing distance. Finally, some subjects experienced difficulty in rapidly perceiving distance information provided by stereopsis, but no subjects had difficulty in effectively and accurately perceiving distance with the perspective information used in our experiment. A second experiment demonstrated that a previously stereo-anomalous subject could be trained to perceive stereoscopic depth in a binocular display. We conclude that the use of perspective cues in simulated displays may be more important than the other depth cues tested because these cues are the most effective and accurate cues at both viewing distances, can be easily perceived by all subjects, and can be readily incorporated into simpler, less complex displays (e.g., biocular HMDs) or more complex ones (e.g., binocular or see-through HMDs).

Improving Spatial Perception in Telepresence and Teleaction Systems by Displaying Distance Information through Visual and Vibrotactile Feedback

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 430-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongeun Cha ◽  
Julius Kammerl ◽  
Abdulmotaleb El Saddik
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Vibrotactile Feedback ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Stereoscopic Displays ◽  
Visual Distance ◽  
Remote Environment ◽  
Measured Distance

Telepresence and teleaction (TPTA) systems enable humans to operate in a remote, hostile, or inaccessible environment. The performance of these systems strongly depends on the deployed sensors and actuators and the quality of the feedback to the user. Spatial perception plays an especially important role when handling dangerous and fragile objects. Stereoscopic cameras and displays can be deployed to improve spatial perception. However, in networked TPTA scenarios with limited transmission capacity on the communication link, the additional bandwidth required for sending two separate video streams is often infeasible. Furthermore, stereoscopic displays are known to have limitations in quality that affect spatial orientation when navigating within the remote environment. In this work, we present methods for displaying remotely measured distance between a teleoperator and a target object through visual and vibrotactile displays in order to improve spatial perception in TPTA systems. Furthermore, we propose to exploit human sensory illusions of the vibrotactile sense to overcome limitations of vibrotactile displays. Psychophysical experiments are conducted to investigate the performance of our proposed display methods. Our experiments show that our proposed vibrotactile feedback methods can compete with visual distance displays.

Relevant Cues for the Visual Perception of Depth: Is Where You See it Where it is?

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (19) ◽  
pp. 1305-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Troy Surdick ◽  
Elizabeth T. Davis ◽  
Robert A. King ◽  
Gregory M. Corso ◽  
Alexander Shapiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Linear Perspective ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Texture Gradient ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Stereoscopic Display ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Relative Brightness ◽  
Depth Cue

We tested seven visual depth cues (relative brightness, relative size, relative height, linear perspective, foreshortening, texture gradient, and stereopsis) at viewing distances of one and two meters to answer two questions. First, which cues provide effective depth information (i.e., only a small change in the depth cue results in a noticeable change in perceived depth). Second, how does the effectiveness of these depth cues change as a function of the viewing distance? Six college-aged subjects were tested with each depth cue at both viewing distances. They were tested using a method of constant stimuli procedure and a modified Wheatstone stereoscopic display. Accuracies for perceptual match settings for all cues were very high (mean constant errors were near zero), and no cues were significantly more or less accurate than any others. Effectiveness of the perspective cues (linear perspective, foreshortening, and texture gradient) was superior to that of other depth cues, while effectiveness of relative brightness was vastly inferior. Moreover, stereopsis, among the more effective cues at one meter, was significantly less so at two meters. These results have theoretical implications for models of human spatial perception and practical implications for the design and development of 3D virtual environments.

Visual distance perception indoors, outdoors, and in the dark

2022 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 107992
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Dukes ◽  
J. Farley Norman ◽  
Challee D. Shartzer
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Visual Distance

An interaction between body orientation and gravity produces a novel illusion in visual distance perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Charles M. Mander ◽  
Laurence R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Standard Length ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Size Constancy ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Control Room ◽  
Moon Illusion ◽  
Reference Length ◽  
Visual Distance

Does perceived distance depend on gravity? The moon illusion, in which the moon looks smaller when viewed overhead, suggests that it might, although so many factors are involved in this complex illusion. Prior research assessing perceived distance had blindfolded observers walk to a remembered location. However, this precludes altering an observer’s orientation relative to gravity. Here, a crossmodal comparison of a visual line and a standard-length tactile rod provided a novel means for assessing the perception of distance by exploiting size constancy — a shorter perceptual visual length (measured in rod lengths) corresponds to a shorter perceived distance from the observer. Experiments were conducted in a fully decorated room that was oriented at 90° with respect to gravity (the York University tumbled room) and in an identical normally oriented control room. Observers maintained an upright orientation with respect to the rooms. Observers judged the length of a variable visual line, projected with a laser and a pair of galvanometers, and varied by a QUEST procedure, relative to a fixed length tactile rod. The length of the visual line matched to the reference length was significantly longer — compatible with being perceived as further away — in the tumbled room than in the control room. A separate experiment failed to replicate this change in distance perception when the observer’s orientation relative to gravity was changed outside the tumbled room, suggesting that the effect is due to a conflict between visually- and gravitationally-defined reference frames.

Investigating visual mechanisms underlying scene brightness

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
UC Besenecker ◽  
JD Bullough
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Brightness Perception ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Relative Brightness

Short-wavelength (<500 nm) output of light sources enhances scene brightness perception in the low-to-moderate photopic range. This appears to be partially explained by a contribution from short-wavelength cones. Recent evidence from experiments on humans suggests that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) containing the photopigment melanopsin might also contribute to spectral sensitivity for scene brightness perception. An experiment was conducted to investigate this possibility at two different light levels, near 10 lx and near 100 lx. Subjects provided forced-choice brightness judgments and relative brightness magnitude judgments when comparing two different amber-coloured stimuli with similar chromaticities. A provisional brightness metric including an ipRGC contribution was able to predict the data with substantially smaller errors than a metric based on cone input only.

Relationship Between Auditory Context and Visual Distance Perception: Effect of Musical Expertise in the Ability to Translate Reverberation Cues Into Room-Size Perception

Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 873-880
Author(s):  
Pablo E. Etchemendy ◽  
Ignacio Spiousas ◽  
Ramiro Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Anechoic Chamber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Size Information ◽  
Musical Expertise ◽  
Room Size ◽  
Visual Distance

In a recently published work by our group [ Scientific Reports, 7, 7189 (2017)], we performed experiments of visual distance perception in two dark rooms with extremely different reverberation times: one anechoic ( T ∼ 0.12 s) and the other reverberant ( T ∼ 4 s). The perceived distance of the targets was systematically greater in the reverberant room when contrasted to the anechoic chamber. Participants also provided auditorily perceived room-size ratings which were greater for the reverberant room. Our hypothesis was that distance estimates are affected by room size, resulting in farther responses for the room perceived larger. Of much importance to the task was the subjects’ ability to infer room size from reverberation. In this article, we report a postanalysis showing that participants having musical expertise were better able to extract and translate reverberation cues into room-size information than nonmusicians. However, the degree to which musical expertise affects visual distance estimates remains unclear.

Relative Height and Relative Size as Monocular Depth Cues in the Trapezoid

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Dunn ◽  
Stuart W. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Vertical Edge ◽  
Relative Height ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Horizontal Length ◽  
Monocular Depth Cues ◽  
Monocular Depth

Ss viewed trapezoids and made absolute judgments of their degree of tilt around a vertical axis. The trapezoids were equal in horizontal length but the ratio of their vertical edges was 15:16 or 13:16. The height in the frontal plane of the midpoint of the shorter vertical edge varied from above (positive) to below (negative) the midpoint height of the longer vertical edge. Two extremes in the type of function to expect were predicted on the basis of past experimentation and geometric considerations. It was found that as the relative midpoint height went from negative to positive, perceived tilt increased linearly except for a brief reversal in the 15:16 condition. Perceived tilt was shown to be greater, but with some overlap, for the 13:16 trapezoids.

scholarly journals Aging and Outdoor Visual Distance Perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Jessica Dukes ◽  
J. Farley Norman ◽  
Hannah Shapiro ◽  
Ashley Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Visual Distance
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