A rare case of testicular mixed germ cell tumour with adrenal metastasis

2021 ◽  
pp. 205141582110079
Author(s):  
Shenthiuiyan Theivendrampillai ◽  
Richard Lockyer ◽  
Matthew Wheater ◽  
Leon Veryard ◽  
Alexander King
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cell Tumour ◽  
Cell Tumour ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Younger Men

Testicular cancer commonly affects younger men, with testicular germ cell tumours comprising the vast majority of cases. They are classified into either seminomatous or non-seminomatous germ cell tumours, with mixed germ cell tumours treated as non-seminomas. In the following case report, we describe the clinical course and management of a 38-year-old male patient who presented with a right unilateral testicular mixed germ cell tumour, predominantly seminoma that had metastasized to the adrenal gland. This pattern of spread is indeed a rare occurrence. It also highlights the significance of the current diagnostic and management protocol and the benefits of using positron emission tomography as a diagnostic tool. Level of evidence: 4

Microinvasive germ cell tumour (MGCT) adjacent to testicular germ cell tumours

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
F E von Eyben ◽  
G K Jacobsen ◽  
M Rorth ◽  
H Von Der Maase
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cell Tumour ◽  
Cell Tumour ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours

Imaging metastatic testicular germ cell tumours with18FDG positron emission tomography: prospects for detection and management

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 508-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Wilson ◽  
Helen E. Young ◽  
Robert J. Ott ◽  
Maggie A. Flower ◽  
Bernadette F. Cronin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Positron Emission

Biology of human testicular germ cell tumours

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-154
Author(s):  
Martin F Pera
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Cell Tumour ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Wide Range

Testicular germ cell tumours are a rare and bizarre diversion in the life cycle of the male germ line. These neoplasms are thought to originate during embryonic life from primordial germ cells (PGCs) which fail to undergo maturation into prospermatogonia. Maturation arrest and the development of aneuploidy in the PGC give rise to the precursor of germ cell malignancy, the testicular carcinoma in situ (CIS) cell. Thereafter, a complex series of genetic changes, coupled with the onset of puberty, can either convert the CIS cell into a malignant tumour made up of cells resembling primordial germ cells (a seminoma), or drive it down a pathway akin to parthenogenesis, so that it acquires a special property shared with cells of the early embryo – pluripotentiality, or the ability to differentiate into a wide range of somatic cells. The latter form of germ cell tumour, a teratocarcinoma, will contain primitive undifferentiated stem cells and multiple somatic tissues representing derivatives of all three germ layers plus the extraembryonic membranes which support development. Pluripotentiality is a property common to the oocyte, the cells of the early embryo up to the stage just after implantation, primordial germ cells, and the stem cells of germ cell tumours (Figure 1).

scholarly journals The Potential of Artificial Intelligence to Detect Lymphovascular Invasion in Testicular Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1325
Author(s):  
Abhisek Ghosh ◽  
Korsuk Sirinukunwattana ◽  
Nasullah Khalid Alham ◽  
Lisa Browning ◽  
Richard Colling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Testicular Cancer ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Lymphovascular Invasion ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Whole Slide Images

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged from 15 to 34 years. Lymphovascular invasion refers to the presence of tumours within endothelial-lined lymphatic or vascular channels, and has been shown to have prognostic significance in testicular germ cell tumours. In non-seminomatous tumours, lymphovascular invasion is the most powerful prognostic factor for stage 1 disease. For the pathologist, searching multiple slides for lymphovascular invasion can be highly time-consuming. The aim of this retrospective study was to develop and assess an artificial intelligence algorithm that can identify areas suspicious for lymphovascular invasion in histological digital whole slide images. Areas of possible lymphovascular invasion were annotated in a total of 184 whole slide images of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue from 19 patients with testicular germ cell tumours, including a mixture of seminoma and non-seminomatous cases. Following consensus review by specialist uropathologists, we trained a deep learning classifier for automatic segmentation of areas suspicious for lymphovascular invasion. The classifier identified 34 areas within a validation set of 118 whole slide images from 10 patients, each of which was reviewed by three expert pathologists to form a majority consensus. The precision was 0.68 for areas which were considered to be appropriate to flag, and 0.56 for areas considered to be definite lymphovascular invasion. An artificial intelligence tool which highlights areas of possible lymphovascular invasion to reporting pathologists, who then make a final judgement on its presence or absence, has been demonstrated as feasible in this proof-of-concept study. Further development is required before clinical deployment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document