Comparisons of Usual Dose of Pharmaceutical Products Used in Japan and United States: Can Differences Be Explained by Pharmacokinetics Alone?

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-690
Author(s):  
Risa Takayanagi ◽  
Yuuki Endo ◽  
Koji Kimura ◽  
Yasuhiko Yamada
2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-542
Author(s):  
Merri C. Moken

The use of pharmaceutical products in the United States has increased more than the use of any other health resource from 1960 to 1990. In excess of 9,600 drugs were on the market in 1984, and the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves approximately 30 new drugs and countless new applications for alterations of already existing drugs each year. In 2001, the $300 billion pharmaceutical industry sold $154 billion worth of prescription drugs in the United States alone, nearly doubling its $78.9 billion in sales in 1997. With such a rapid increase in market domination and expenditures, the U.S. government and many hospitals have focused their attention on the sales and pricing practices of pharmaceutical companies, as well as other potential factors contributing to these escalating prices. One such cause of the steadily increasing prices of brand name pharmaceuticals is the sale of fake or counterfeit pharmaceuticals (also called “look-alike” drugs).


Author(s):  
Maria Nathalya Costa Souza ◽  
Irineu Ferreira Da Silva Neto ◽  
Isadora Ellen Feitoza Ricardino ◽  
Ana Emilia Formiga Marques

Com as evoluções nos voos espaciais de humanos fora da Terra, a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) e seus parceiros internacionais encontram obstáculos relacionados à garantia da segurança dos astronautas, destacando-se a capacidade de fornecer um meio seguro e medicamentos eficazes, que possam de maneira suficiente gerenciar tanto condições médicas planejadas, quanto as imprevistas durante uma viagem espacial. Objetivou-se apresentar o entendimento atual sobre a estabilidade farmacêutica no ambiente de radiação espacial. Foi realizado um levantamento nas bases de dados científicos Nacional Center for Biotechnology Information, PubMed, SciELO e Science Direct, utilizando artigos datados entre os anos de 2016 a 2019, por meio dos descritores: Cosmic Radiation, Space Flight, Drug Stability, United States National Aeronautics e Space Administration. Foram incluídas publicações que envolvessem pesquisas na área de instabilidade de medicamentos, dentro do período delimitado, que apresentassem no idioma inglês, e que incluíssem pelo menos um dos descritores citados. Os produtos farmacêuticos podem se tornar instáveis ​​através das alterações de qualquer uma das suas propriedades físicas ou químicas. Os estudos sobre voos espaciais são limitados, por isso, os desafios na tradução de evidências analógicas terrestres para voos espaciais acabam por impedir a capacidade em tirar conclusões significativas sobre a estabilidade dos produtos farmacêuticos durante a exploração espacial. Assim é necessário novos esforços em pesquisas que forneçam os dados dos voos e produtos farmacêuticos a bordo das plataformas de pesquisa disponíveis a fim de garantir a integridade da saúde da tripulação.   Palavras-chave: Fármacos. Instabilidade. Radiação. Voo Espacial.   Abstract With the evolution in space flights of humans outside the Earth, NASA and its international partners related to ensuring the safety of astronauts, highlighting the ability to provide insurance and previous medicines, that sufficiently manage to manage both the planned medical conditions, as the unforeseen during a space trip. The objective was to present the current understanding of pharmaceutical stability in the space radiation environment. A survey was carried out in the scientific databases National Center for Biotechnology Information, PubMed, SciELO and Science Direct, using articles dated between 2016 and 2019, using the descriptors: Cosmic Radiation, Space Flight, Drug Stability, United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Publications involving research in the area of ​​drug instability, within the defined period, published in the English language, and including at least one of the mentioned descriptors were published. Pharmaceutical products can become unstable by changing any of their physical or physical properties. Studies on space flights are invited, therefore, the challenges in translating analogue terrestrial evidence to space flights end up preventing the ability to take necessary to take away on the stability of pharmaceutical products during space exploration. Thus, new research efforts are needed to provide flight and pharmaceutical data on board the available research platforms to ensure the integrity of the crew's health.   Keywords: Drugs, Instability, Radiation, Space Flight.


2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 496-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Stewart ◽  
Paul G. Chaney ◽  
Jeanette A. Stewart ◽  
Bonnie Kruft ◽  
Lindsay A. Nelson

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