scholarly journals Reconstruction of Hyaline Cartilage Deep Layer Properties in 3-Dimensional Cultures of Human Articular Chondrocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596711453912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibudha Nanduri ◽  
Surendra Mohan Tattikota ◽  
Avinash Raj T. ◽  
Vijaya Rama Rao Sriramagiri ◽  
Suma Kantipudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Human Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
3 Dimensional

scholarly journals Human Articular Chondrocytes Retain Their Phenotype in Sustained Hypoxia While Normoxia Promotes Their Immunomodulatory Potential

Cartilage ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Mennan ◽  
John Garcia ◽  
Helen McCarthy ◽  
Sharon Owen ◽  
Jade Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Human Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
Pellet Culture ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Chondrogenic Phenotype ◽  
Immunomodulatory Potential

Objective To assess the phenotype of human articular chondrocytes cultured in normoxia (21% O2) or continuous hypoxia (2% O2). Design Chondrocytes were extracted from patients undergoing total knee replacement ( n = 5) and cultured in ~21% (normoxic chondrocytes, NC) and 2% (hypoxic chondrocytes, HC) oxygen in both monolayer and 3-dimensional (3D) pellet culture and compared with freshly isolated chondrocytes (FC). Cells were assessed by flow cytometry for markers indicative of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), chondrogenic-potency and dedifferentiation. Chondrogenic potency and immunomodulatory gene expression was assessed in NC and HC by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess collagen II production following 3D pellet culture. Results NC were positive (>97%, n = 5) for MSC markers, CD73, CD90, and CD105, while HC demonstrated <90% positivity ( n = 4) and FC ( n = 5) less again (CD73 and CD90 <20%; CD105 <40%). The markers CD166 and CD151, indicative of chondrogenic de-differentiation, were significantly higher on NC compared with HC and lowest on FC. NC also produced the highest levels of CD106 and showed the greatest levels of IDO expression, following interferon-γ stimulation, indicating immunomodulatory potential. NC produced the highest levels of CD49c (>60%) compared with HC and FC in which production was <2%. Hypoxic conditions upregulated expression of SOX9, frizzled-related protein ( FRZB), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 ( FGFR3), and collagen type II ( COL2A1) and downregulated activin receptor-like kinase 1 ( ALK1) in 3 out of 4 patients compared with normoxic conditions for monolayer cells. Conclusions Hypoxic conditions encourage retention of a chondrogenic phenotype with some immunomodulatory potential, whereas normoxia promotes dedifferentiation of chondrocytes toward an MSC phenotype with loss of chondrogenic potency but enhanced immunomodulatory capacity.

scholarly journals Morphology of the Undersurface of the Anterolateral Acromion and Its Relationship to Surrounding Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596712097748
Author(s):  
Yusuke Ueda ◽  
Akimoto Nimura ◽  
Keisuke Matsuki ◽  
Kumiko Yamaguchi ◽  
Hiroyuki Sugaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Layer ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Coracoacromial Ligament ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Bony Surface ◽  
Inferior Aspect ◽  
Histologic Evaluation ◽  
Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression

Background: A better understanding of the morphology underneath the acromion is needed to prevent complications after arthroscopic subacromial decompression. The precise correlations between the morphologic features underneath the acromion and the surrounding structures including the attachment of the coracoacromial ligament (CAL) and the origin of the deltoid middle head have not yet been determined in the absence of artifacts on the bony surface caused by dissection techniques. Moreover, anatomic findings in previous studies using only older-aged cadavers or dried bones may not reflect the morphologic features of younger and healthy specimens. Purpose: To characterize the anterolateral structures morphologically in the inferior aspect of the acromion, assess the relationships of these structures with surrounding structures without dissection artifacts on the bony surface, and verify the cadaveric data in the asymptomatic shoulders of living middle-aged patients. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: We initially analyzed the relationship between the morphology of the anterolateral structures and surrounding structures in 18 cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 81.8 years), 15 of which were subjected to macroscopic investigation of the CAL attachment and 3-dimensional micro—computed tomography investigation with radiopaque markers and 3 of which were subjected to histologic examination. We also analyzed the morphology underneath the anterolateral acromion in 24 asymptomatic shoulders of middle-aged patients (mean age, 54.8 years) to verify the cadaveric data. In both the cadaveric shoulders and the asymptomatic shoulders of live patients, the long axis, width, and height of the anterolateral prominence were measured by use of 3-dimensional CT imaging. Results: In cadavers, the anterolateral prominence underneath the acromion corresponded to the attachment of the CAL. Histologic evaluation revealed that the CAL was continuous to the deep layer of the deltoid middle head in the lateral acromion. The study in asymptomatic shoulders of middle-aged patients revealed bony prominences similar to those observed in cadavers. Conclusion: The anterolateral prominence, which corresponds to the attachment of the CAL below the acromion, may be a native structure below the acromion. Moreover, the CAL is continuous to the deep layer of the deltoid middle head in the lateral acromion.

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