Kaolinization and other changes in West of England rocks

The behaviour of a mass of molten but cooling igneous rock under moderate pressure may be compared to that of liquid cupelled silver, which at a certain temperature can no longer retain the oxygen, many times its volume, that it has occluded. Thus, during the submarine eruption off the island of Pantelleria in 1891, blocks of lava that swam for a while on the surface of the sea exploded with violence. Chilling by contact with sea-water had occasioned exactly what Lowthian Bell observed to happen on the sudden cooling of masses of slag by contact with water. There was a discharge within the set outer envelope, at something near a red heat, of previously dissolved water and gases, converting the floating ejectamenta into a species of bombs.

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Application and Experience Feedback of ASME Code Case N-155-2 for RTR Piping in Nuclear Plants

Volume 1A: Codes and Standards ◽

10.1115/pvp2013-97425 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Nicolas d’Udekem ◽

Philippe Art ◽

Jacques Grisel

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Nuclear Power Plants ◽

Sea Water ◽

Water System ◽

Moderate Pressure ◽

Raw Water ◽

Cooling Systems ◽

Piping Systems ◽

Asme Code

Nowadays, the usefulness of RTR (Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) for pressure retaining equipment does not need further proof: they are lightweight, strong, with low thermal elongation and highly corrosion resistant. The use of RTR piping makes all sense for piping systems circulating raw water such as sea water at moderate pressure and temperature for plants cooling. However, this material is rarely used for safety related cooling systems in nuclear power plants. In Belgium, Electrabel and Tractebel have chosen to replace the existing carbon steel pipes of the raw water system by GRE (Glassfiber Reinforced Epoxy) pipes, in accordance with the Authorized Inspection Agency, applying the ASME Code Case (CC) N-155-2 defining the specifications and requirements for the use of RTR pipes, fittings and flanges. After a challenging qualification process, Class 3 GRE pipes are now installed and operating for raw water cooling systems in two Belgian nuclear units and will soon be installed in a third one. The paper will address the followed qualification processes and the implementation steps applied by Electrabel/Tractebel and relate the overcome obstacles encountered during manufacturing, erection and commissioning of Class 3 GRE piping in order to ensure quality, reliability and traceability required for safety equipment in nuclear power plants.

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CHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER IN IGNEOUS ROCK AT ANGERED, GOTHENBURG

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.1972.0010 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 140-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

GUNNAR JACKS

Keyword(s):

Igneous Rock ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Tectonic Zones ◽

Turn Over ◽

Over Time

Within an area of about 5 km2, 25 wells were drilled to depths of about 90 m for groundwater observation. The wells were sampled and analyzed, and from the results it could be concluded that the ionic composition is controlled by equilibrium between water and solids. The dominating weathering product is Ca-montmorillonite. Establishing equilibrium takes approximately ten years. On higher grounds, equilibrium is far from being reached, and these waters are only a couple of years old. In lower positions of the terrain, sea water from glacial times is retained. Turn-over time of water is thus in the order of hundreds to thousands of years. The degree of washing out of the salt water is correlated to the transmissibility of the tectonic zones by which the water is found.

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