Multiphasic screening of priority chemical compounds in drinking water by process control and human health risk

Background The residual chemical pollutants in drinking water may cause adverse effects on human health. Chemical compounds potentially affecting human health have been widely explored, while the multiphasic evaluation of chemical compounds by process control and human health risk is still rarely reported. In the present study, we used multiphasic criteria to assess the health risk including effluent concentration, accumulation index, purification index for the removal efficiency during the drinking water treatment processes, carcinogen classification based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer standards, non-carcinogenic health hazards and carcinogenic risk. Results Among the monitored chemicals, 47 and 44 chemical compounds were detected in raw water and treated water, respectively. The generation and removal of chemical compounds implied that the migration and transformation of chemicals during the purification processes affected the effluent concentration, posing a direct potential health risk. Of these compounds, 41 contaminants’ profiles were screened as priority chemical compounds (PCCs). Conclusions The top eight PCCs with high carcinogenic risk were highlighted. Some effective steps, such as protecting the raw water sources, improving the removal performance and reducing the disinfection by-products during the purification process by introducing advanced treatment technologies, were suggested to maintain drinking water security. Collectively, our findings provided novel scientific supports for the sustainable management of drinking water to promote human health. Graphical Abstract

Options to improve the coagulation process operation in a drinking water treatment plant. Case study

Aluminum salts are widely used across Romania in surface water treatment as coagulants. It is well-known that the efficiency of these coagulants has a complex dependency on the nature of the raw water, being affected by temperature, pH, and suspended solids. The objective of this case study was to compare the coagulation-flocculation efficiency process of raw water from the Bega River, at low temperature and turbidity, taking into account the use of alternative coagulating agents such as alum, poly aluminum chloride (PAC), and their mixing in 1:1 ratio. The raw water samples were treated using the "Jar Test" procedure, comparable with the current plant conditions at Timisoara Waterworks and taking into account possible operational improvements. For the mixture method applied in which was combined alum and PAC in 1:1 mixing ratio were achieved lower concentrations in aluminum residual, TOC, and turbidity.

Analisis Ketersediaan Air Baku Pada Pdam Tirta Anoa Di Kota Kendari

The provision of clean water to meet the needs of the community is something important, and the availability of clean water must be considered in order to meet the needs of the community, especially in Kendari City. This study aims to analyze the availability of raw water at the Regional Water Company (PDAM) Tirta Anoa Kendari City. The method used is the method of raw water availability by using discharge data from the Pohara River and the Wanggu River in 2010-2019. The results of this study are the availability of raw clean water at PDAM Kendari City is the production discharge of 300 ltr/second, the production discharge of Matabondu Springs of 50 l/second, the production discharge of the Wanggu River of 20 l/second, and the Anduonohu spring discharge of 5 ltr. /sec and Anggoeya at 40 liters/sec Keywords: raw water, availability, PDAMPenyedian air bersih untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat merupakan sesuatu yang penting, dan ketersediaan air bersih harus diperhatikan agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat, khususnya di Kota Kendari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketersediaan air baku pada Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Tirta Anoa Kota Kendari. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode ketersediaan air baku dengan menggunakan data debit Sungai Pohara dan Sungai Wanggu tahun 2010-2019. Hasil Penelitian ini yaitu ketersediaan air bersih baku pada PDAM Kota Kendari adalah debit produksi sebesar 300 ltr/detik, debit produksi Mata Air Matabondu sebesar 50 l/detik, debit produksi Sungai Wanggu sebesar 20 l/detik, dan debit Mata air Anduonohu sebesar 5 ltr/dtk dan Anggoeya sebesar 40 liter/dtk Kata Kunci : Air Baku, Ketersediaan, PDAM

Hazardous Substances and their Effects on Drinking Water Sources

Drinking water cannot be produced from every raw surface or groundwater in the European Union countries. The source must meetthe set criteria for the raw water quaility. At present time, drinking water sources meet these requirements. However in the climatechange period, accompanied in particular by long-term loss of water volumes, the set limit values for individual categories of raw watermay be frequently exceeded. Human society must be prepared for this threat and take legislative and technical-operational steps in atimely manner to eliminate the risk. This paper deals with the issue in the basic scope and declares what producers and steps can beused in practice to increase the resilience of water resources to the expected change in the water quality

Applicability of a Combined DAF-MF Process to Respond to Changes in Reservoir Water Quality through a Two-Year Pilot Plant Operation

The optimal operating conditions of a combined dissolved air flotation (DAF)-microfiltration (MF) process to respond to changes in raw water quality were investigated by operating a pilot plant for two years. Without DAF pre-treatment (i.e., MF alone), MF operated stably with a transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase of 0.24 kPa/d when the turbidity of raw water was low and stable (max. 13.4 NTU). However, as the raw water quality deteriorated (max. 76.9 NTU), the rate of TMP increase reached 43.5 kPa/d. When DAF pre-treatment was applied (i.e., the combined DAF-MF process), the MF process operated somewhat stably; however, the rate of TMP increase was relatively high (i.e., 0.64 kPa/d). Residual coagulants and small flocs were not efficiently separated by the DAF process, exacerbating membrane fouling. Based on the particle count analysis of the DAF effluent, the DAF process was optimised based on the coagulant dose and hydraulic loading rate. After optimisation, the rate of TMP increase for the MF process stabilised at 0.17 kPa/d. This study demonstrates that the combined DAF-MF process responded well to substantial changes in raw water quality. In addition, it was suggested that the DAF process must be optimised to avoid excessive membrane fouling.

Measuring of radioactive contamination by Gamma-ray Spectroscopy for many water projects in Baghdad City

The study aims to provide the effective monitoring of radioactive contents in refining water stations. Attempts were made to measure the radionuclide’s concentrations level which indicates to radioactive contamination in the samples of raw water taken from the Tigris River and samples of river sediments. The radionuclides contents have been obtained using the gamma-ray spectroscopy technique. Analysis system (HPGe) has been applied to measure the radioactivity concentration of Uranium, Radium, and Thorium in water and sediment samples. For solid samples (sediments), results have shown that the activity for238U the range was from (52±5.31Bq/kg)In S4 to(120±8)in S3, for 232Th the range was from(26±2.4Bq/kg)in S1to (48±3.1Bq/kg) in S3, for 40K, the range was from (247±17Bq/kg) in s4 to (453±18Bq/kg) in S3, for 137Cs the range was from(1.28±0.1Bq/kg) in S3 to (7.8±0.67) in S2. For liquid samples (water), the activity for 238U was from (10±1 Bq/l) in Kh1to(38±4.2Bq/l) in D1, for 232Th was from (1±0.35Bq/l) in kD1 to (1.8±0.60Bq/l) in D1, for 40K was from (10±0.3 Bq/l), in ka1to(48±5.7Bq/l) in KD1. In the final step (drinking water) showed only 40K isotope appeared at range(18±0.03 - 55±0.06Bq/l).

Economic Feasibility Analysis Development of Intake and Raw Water Pipelines in Kota Bangun Sub-District, Indonesia

Increasing the population in Kota Bangun Sub-District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, in line with the consequence that growing needs for drinking water and raw water for local communities become a top priority. Public complaints about the increasing difficulty of obtaining clean water seem to be an obstacle that the Regional Government has yet to resolve fully. The production capacity of PDAM Kota Bangun is currently only 30 liters/sec, which is far from sufficient for the needs of all people in the Kota Bangun Sub-District. Economic feasibility calculation analysis utilized the NPV, IRR, and BCR methods and sensitivity analysis to obtain the economic feasibility for the value of developing intake and raw water networks. The results indicate, with a reasonable life condition of 30 years, the construction of water networks in Kota Bangun is still economically feasible. Reasonable with the minimum requirement of BCR = 1, with sensitivity analysis on two scenarios, considerations of 30% and 20% leakage, and 30.55% and 25% administrative costs. The results of the research show that IRR = 17.70%. If the analysis conditions are that investment costs increase by 10% with Fixed Benefits, the payback period is 6.8 years.

Pelatihan Perencanaan Optimalisasi Sistem Lahan Pertanian Masyarakat Desa Kramat Kabupaten Lamongan

Reservoir is a container or place for storing raw water, which will later be used as a temporary water storage area, then used as a place for water treatment for the continued growth of rice plants. In addition to rice plants, reservoirs are also used to minimize drought disasters in the dry season. The construction of this reservoir will be used by the Kramat village community to improve the economy in two sectors, namely agriculture and village potential, Kramat village itself is one of the villages in Lamongan Regency which has an area of ​​194.80 hectares and is located in Lamongan sub-district which has a population of 2,012 people. Most of their livelihoods are farmers. Seeing such conditions, farmers need facilities to help meet the needs of raw water for their agricultural land which will be planned with the planning method carried out by the construction of the reservoir with various stages such as measuring with 2 methods, either surveying in the field or utilizing digital applications or software using fields area or Google earth, after finding the size, then we can determine the sketch of the image on the reservoir by drawing in AutoCAD software. The area of ​​land used for the construction of the reservoir has an area of ​​1,452.03 m2, which is later estimated to be able to accommodate 8,507,190 L of water. The total volume of excavation work is 8,507.19 m3 with an estimated work period of 23 days. Excavator pc 200 heavy equipment operational cost : Rp. 101.200.000 per 23 days and for Dump truck capacity of 8 m3: Rp. 2,400,000 (2 dump trucks) per day.