A longitudinal analysis of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes in pneumonia patients in Germany

In every year, up to one million children die due to pneumococcal disease. Children infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are mostly affected, as they appear to have higher rates of pneumococcal carriage and invasive disease. Successful immunity is dependent on mounting a sufficient immune response to the vaccine. We conducted a double blinded crossover randomised controlled trial to determine the serum antibody response (≥4-fold and geometric mean concentration) to pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) serotypes at 3 months after second vaccination. We also determined the number and proportion of children carrying new (not present at baseline) vaccine serotypes of S. pneumoniae isolated from nasopharynx at 6 months post initial vaccination in recipients of Prevenar13® compared with those given Haemophilus influenzae-type b (Hib) vaccine (control). The study was conducted at St Augustine's also known as Teule Hospital in Muheza, Tanga Tanzania. 225 HIV infected children aged 1-14 years were enrolled from Jan 2013 to Nov 2013 and randomised to Prevenar13® or Hib vaccines each given at baseline and 2-3 months later. Nasopharyngeal and serum samples were collected at baseline and 4-6 months later. Serotyping was done by Quellung Reaction using Staten antisera. Serum antibodies were ELISA quantified. The study revealed a non-significant reduction in the acquisition of new vaccine serotypes of S. pneumoniae in the recipients of PCV13 by nearly a third compared to those who received Hib vaccine. The vaccine efficacy was 30.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] –6.4-54.6%, P = 0.100)]. The antibody response was not enough to induce a 4-fold rise in GMC in 7 of the 13 vaccine serotypes. When combining the effects of preventing new acquisition and clearing existing vaccine type carriage, the overall efficacy was 31.5% (95% CI 1.5-52.4%, P = 0.045). In the PCV13 group, the proportion of participants carrying vaccine serotype was significantly lower after 2 doses of PCV13 (30%; 32/107), compared with the baseline proportion (48%; 51/107). The introduction of PCV13 targeting HIV-positive children in a setting similar to Tanzania is likely to be associated with appreciable decrease in the acquisition and carriage of pneumococci, which is an important marker of the likely effect of the vaccine on pneumococcal disease.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=335579, identifier ACTRN12610000999033.

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Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Moscow before and after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination

Российский педиатрический журнал ◽

10.18821/1560-9561-2020-23-3-160-164 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 160-164

Author(s):

Natalya M. Alyabyeva ◽

Ekaterina A. Brzhozovskaya ◽

Olga A. Ponomarenko ◽

Anna V. Lazareva

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Serotype Distribution ◽

Pneumococcal Infections ◽

Immunization Program ◽

Vaccine Serotypes ◽

National Medical ◽

Before And After ◽

Inpatient And Outpatient Care ◽

Conjugate Vaccination

Introduction. In 2014, a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) was introduced into the children’s immunization program in Russia. In this regard, to describe and analyze the epidemiology of pneumococcal infections, it is important to study and evaluate the distribution of serotypes and the effect of PCV13 vaccination on the serotype distribution of the nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates isolated in children from 2010 to 2018. Materials and methods. The study included 708 nasopharyngeal pediatric pneumococcal isolates recovered from 2010 to 2018, in patients under 5 years of age, who received inpatient and outpatient care at the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (Moscow). Serotyping was performed using antisera and / or molecular typing by PCR Results. In total, 33 different serotypes were identified in the S. pneumoniae collection. Six predominant serotypes were accounted for 68.6% of the total distribution and included serotypes: 19F, 6B, 23F, 14, 15B/C, 6A. The average prevalence of vaccine serotypes was of 77.7% in 2010-2015, with a significant decrease to 52% in 2018, which was accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of serotype 15B/C (16% in 2018) and serotypes 11A and 23A, from 1.1% in 2010 to 9.3% and 8% respectively in 2018. Conclusion. The use of PCV13 vaccination in Russia has led to a significant decrease in the carriage of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes. These results emphasize the need for careful monitoring of an ever-changing pneumococcal population.

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Changes in the pneumococcal vaccine serotypes in adult noninvasive pneumonia after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination for children

Journal of Global Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4103/jgid.jgid_167_17 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hiroaki Takeda ◽

Chisa Sato ◽

Chang Bin ◽

Midori Nishidzuka ◽

Mari Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Serotypes ◽

Conjugate Vaccination

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Limited diversity of Streptococcus pneumoniae psaA among pneumococcal vaccine serotypes.

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.65.5.1967-1971.1997 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 1967-1971 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

J S Sampson ◽

Z Furlow ◽

A M Whitney ◽

D Williams ◽

R Facklam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Serotypes

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Determination of Antibody Responses of Elderly Adults to All 23 Capsular Polysaccharides after Pneumococcal Vaccination

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.67.11.5979-5984.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 5979-5984 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Jeffrey B. Rubins ◽

Michael Alter ◽

Joyce Loch ◽

Edward N. Janoff

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Elderly Adults ◽

Vaccine Serotypes ◽

Low Responders

ABSTRACT The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was formulated to prevent invasive infection in the elderly and other high-risk populations from the most prevalent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. However, the immunogenicity of all 23 vaccine polysaccharides has not been fully characterized in elderly adults. We previously reported that whereas the majority of elderly subjects had vigorous immune responses to selected pneumococcal vaccine polysaccharides, a subset of elderly individuals responded to fewer than two of seven vaccine serotypes after immunization. To determine whether these elderly low responders have a general inability to respond to pneumococcal vaccine and to determine whether elderly low responders might be identified by their responses to a few polysaccharides, we measured antibody responses of elderly adults to all 23 vaccine polysaccharides after pneumococcal immunization. As a group, elderly subjects showed a significant rise after immunization in geometric mean antibody levels to all 23 vaccine serotypes. However, when individual rather than group immune responses were assessed, the 23-valent vaccine did not appear to be uniformly immunogenic in these elderly subjects. Eleven elderly subjects (20%) had twofold increases in specific antibody after vaccination to only 5 or fewer of the 23 vaccine polysaccharides, and they did not respond to the most prevalent serotypes causing invasive disease. Antibody responses to serotype 9N were found to reliably distinguish low vaccine responders from other elderly subjects. However, no particular group of vaccine polysaccharides could be used as a marker for adequate immune responses if only postvaccination sera were analyzed.

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Different Technologies for Obtaining Pneumococcal Immunogens

Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention ◽

10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-1-76-91 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 76-91

Author(s):

I. M. Gruber ◽

O. M. Kukina ◽

N. B Egorova, ◽

O. V. Zhigunova

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

The Elderly ◽

Nasal Colonization ◽

Vaccine Serotypes ◽

Systemic Immunity ◽

New Approaches ◽

Wide Range

Relevance. The worldwide use of pneumococcal vaccines, in particular conjugated vaccines (PCV), has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases in both vaccinated children and unvaccinated people of all ages. However, "non-vaccine" serotypes and capsule-free (non-typed) strains have become the main causes of pneumococcal disease, as with carriage, with an increase in antibiotic resistance. This requires new approaches in the development of vaccines that can lead to serotype-independent protection, especially in children, the elderly and immunocompromised people. The pneumococcal vaccine should protect against a wide range of serotypes, induce mucosal and systemic immunity, and reduce primary nasal colonization, as well as invasive forms. Aim. The review is devoted to the analysis of experimental development of innovative vaccines based on protective protein antigens (PPV), including in combination with capsular polysaccharides, using adjuvants or antigen delivery systems, as well as inactivated whole cell preparations (WCV) and live attenuated vaccines. Particular attention is paid to the methods of mucosal immunization, taking into account the tropism of pneumococcus in relation to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Conclusion. At this stage, the most developed and promising are drugs based on bacterial lysates (PWCV) and protective protein antigens (PspA, dPly), as well as these antigens mixed with adjuvants, and, possibly, with some etiologically most significant capsular polysaccharides.

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