Insecticide resistance to insect growth regulators, avermectins, spinosyns and diamides in Culex quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia

Abstract Background Culex quinquefasciatus is not only a biting nuisance but also an important vector of fatal diseases. In Saudi Arabia, management measures to control this mosquito and thereby prevent associated disease transmission have focused on insecticides. Nevertheless, information on the resistance status of C. quinquefasciatus is insufficient, especially concerning insecticides containing novel classes of insecticides. Methods We evaluated six insecticides belonging to four classes of insecticides (insect growth regulators [3], avermectins [1], diamides [1] and spinosyns [1]) for toxicity and resistance in eight C. quinquefasciatus populations (from Ishbiliya, Al-Masfa, Al-Masanie, Al-Washlah, Al-Nakhil, Irqah, Al-Suwaidi and Al-Ghanemiya) following World Health Organisation protocols. Results Resistance status ranging from susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance, in comparison with the susceptible strain, was detected for cyromazine in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (resistance ratio [RR] = 3.33), Al-Masfa (RR = 4.33), Al-Masanie (RR = 3.67), Al-Washlah (RR = 2.33), Al-Nakhil (RR = 5.33), Irqah (RR = 7.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR = 21.33) and Al-Ghanemiya (RR = 16.00). All C. quinquefasciatus populations exhibited a high level of resistance to diflubenzuron (RR = 13.33–43.33), with the exception of Al-Nakhil which exhibited moderate resistance (RR = 10.00). Susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance was observed for triflumuron in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (RR = 0.50), Al-Ghanemiya (RR = 3.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR = 10.00), Al-Masfa (RR = 5.00), Al-Masanie (RR = 10.00), Al-Nakhil (RR = 5.00), Irqah (RR = 5.00) and Al-Washlah (RR = 15.00). Susceptibility/low resistance was assessed for abamectin, chlorantraniliprole and spinosad in all C. quinquefasciatus populations, with RR ranges of 0.25–3.50, 0.17–2.19, and 0.02–0.50, respectively. However, the population collected from Irqah showed high resistance to chlorantraniliprole (RR = 11.93). Conclusions The detection of widespread resistance to insect growth regulators in C. quinquefasciatus highlights an urgent need to establish integrated vector management strategies. Our results may facilitate the selection of potent insecticides for integrated vector management programmes for C. quinquefasciatus. Graphical Abstract

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First Comprehensive Report of Conventional Insecticide Resistance Status of the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-907877/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdulwahab M. Hafez

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Integrated Vector Management ◽

West Nile Fever ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Low Resistance ◽

Vector Management ◽

Pirimiphos Methyl ◽

Moderate Resistance

Abstract Background The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say is a vector of various fatal diseases including West Nile fever, filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis. The major approach in controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus to prevent associated disease transmission has focused on insecticides. However, because of overreliance on such measures, Cx. quinquefasciatus has developed resistance to these insecticides including organophosphates and pyrethroids. Methods We evaluated 10 commonly used conventional insecticides (five OPs and five pyrethroids) for toxicity/resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus in adults and larvae in eight populations collected from the environs around Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results The LC50 values for the tested insecticides in adults did not differ significantly from those of a susceptible strain, except for bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and fenitrothion against populations from Al-Nakhil, Al-Suwaidi, Al-Ghanemiya, Al-Masfa, and Al-Masanie regions. All Cx. quinquefasciatus adult populations exhibited susceptibility/low resistance to the tested organophosphates with resistance ratios of 0.23–0.80 for chlorpyrifos, 0.44–1.97 for malathion, 0.09–3.62 for fenitrothion, 0.05–2.10 for pirimiphos-methyl, and 0.11–0.93 for diazinon. The Cx. quinquefasciatus adult populations exhibited susceptibility/moderate resistance to the tested pyrethroids with resistance ratios of 0.59–2.56 for alpha-cypermethrin, 0.59–2.19 for bifenthrin, 0.60–7.07 for deltamethrin, 0.60–2.66 for cypermethrin, and 0.58–2.39 for cyfluthrin. In Cx. quinquefasciatus larva populations, susceptibility/low resistance to the tested organophosphates was observed with resistance ratios of 0.03–1.75 for chlorpyrifos, 0.19–3.42 for malathion, 0.11–2.78 for fenitrothion, and 0.08–1.15 for pirimiphos-methyl. Conclusions The susceptibility/low resistance of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults to OP and pyrethroid insecticides suggests that they still have good potency against the adults of this species in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. These results provide a baseline for decision-making in integrated vector management programs for Cx. quinquefasciatus.

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Resistance potential of Culex quinquefasciatus against the insect growth regulators methoprene and diflubenzuron

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata ◽

10.1111/j.1570-7458.1984.tb03409.x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 69-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. M. Amin ◽

G. B. White

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Insect Growth Regulators ◽

Insect Growth

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Culex quinquefasciatus Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators [Corrigendum]

Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine ◽

10.2147/rrtm.s242999 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol Volume 11 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Govindaraju Ramkumar ◽

Sengodan Karthi ◽

Muthugounder S Shivakumar ◽

Eliningaya J Kweka

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Ovicidal Activity ◽

Insect Growth Regulators ◽

Insect Growth ◽

Egg Membrane

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Resistance to insect growth regulators and age-stage, two-sex life table in Musca domestica from different dairy facilities

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248693 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0248693

Author(s):

Naeem Abbas ◽

Abdulwahab M. Hafez

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Life Table ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Reproductive Rate ◽

House Fly ◽

Insect Growth Regulators ◽

Net Reproductive Rate ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Insect Growth

Among the vectorial insect pests, the domestic house fly (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) is a ubiquitous livestock pest with the ability to develop resistance and adapt to diverse climates. Successful management of the house fly in various locations requires information about its resistance development and life table features. The status of insect growth regulators resistance and life table features on the basis of age, stage, and two sexes of the house fly from five different geographical locations of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dirab, Al-Masanie, Al-Washlah, Al-Uraija and Al-Muzahmiya were therefore investigated. The range of resistance levels were 3.77–8.03-fold for methoxyfenozide, 5.50–29.75 for pyriproxyfen, 0.59–2.91-fold for cyromazine, 9.33–28.67-fold for diflubenzuron, and 1.63–8.25-fold for triflumuron in five populations of house fly compared with the susceptible strain. Analysis of life history parameters—such as survival rate, larval duration, pupal duration, pre-female duration, pre-male duration, adult and total pre-oviposition periods, longevity of male, oviposition period, female ratio, and fecundity female-1—revealed significant variations among the field populations. Additionally, demographic features—including the generation time, the finite and intrinsic rates of increase, doubling time, and net reproductive rate—varied significantly among the field populations. These results will be helpful in planning the management of the house fly in geographically isolated dairies in Saudi Arabia.

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