scholarly journals First Comprehensive Report of Conventional Insecticide Resistance Status of the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab M. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Abstract Background The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say is a vector of various fatal diseases including West Nile fever, filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis. The major approach in controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus to prevent associated disease transmission has focused on insecticides. However, because of overreliance on such measures, Cx. quinquefasciatus has developed resistance to these insecticides including organophosphates and pyrethroids. Methods We evaluated 10 commonly used conventional insecticides (five OPs and five pyrethroids) for toxicity/resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus in adults and larvae in eight populations collected from the environs around Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results The LC50 values for the tested insecticides in adults did not differ significantly from those of a susceptible strain, except for bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and fenitrothion against populations from Al-Nakhil, Al-Suwaidi, Al-Ghanemiya, Al-Masfa, and Al-Masanie regions. All Cx. quinquefasciatus adult populations exhibited susceptibility/low resistance to the tested organophosphates with resistance ratios of 0.23–0.80 for chlorpyrifos, 0.44–1.97 for malathion, 0.09–3.62 for fenitrothion, 0.05–2.10 for pirimiphos-methyl, and 0.11–0.93 for diazinon. The Cx. quinquefasciatus adult populations exhibited susceptibility/moderate resistance to the tested pyrethroids with resistance ratios of 0.59–2.56 for alpha-cypermethrin, 0.59–2.19 for bifenthrin, 0.60–7.07 for deltamethrin, 0.60–2.66 for cypermethrin, and 0.58–2.39 for cyfluthrin. In Cx. quinquefasciatus larva populations, susceptibility/low resistance to the tested organophosphates was observed with resistance ratios of 0.03–1.75 for chlorpyrifos, 0.19–3.42 for malathion, 0.11–2.78 for fenitrothion, and 0.08–1.15 for pirimiphos-methyl. Conclusions The susceptibility/low resistance of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults to OP and pyrethroid insecticides suggests that they still have good potency against the adults of this species in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. These results provide a baseline for decision-making in integrated vector management programs for Cx. quinquefasciatus.

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance to insect growth regulators, avermectins, spinosyns and diamides in Culex quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab M. Hafez ◽  
Naeem Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
Insect Growth Regulators ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Vector Management

Abstract Background Culex quinquefasciatus is not only a biting nuisance but also an important vector of fatal diseases. In Saudi Arabia, management measures to control this mosquito and thereby prevent associated disease transmission have focused on insecticides. Nevertheless, information on the resistance status of C. quinquefasciatus is insufficient, especially concerning insecticides containing novel classes of insecticides. Methods We evaluated six insecticides belonging to four classes of insecticides (insect growth regulators [3], avermectins [1], diamides [1] and spinosyns [1]) for toxicity and resistance in eight C. quinquefasciatus populations (from Ishbiliya, Al-Masfa, Al-Masanie, Al-Washlah, Al-Nakhil, Irqah, Al-Suwaidi and Al-Ghanemiya) following World Health Organisation protocols. Results Resistance status ranging from susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance, in comparison with the susceptible strain, was detected for cyromazine in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (resistance ratio [RR] = 3.33), Al-Masfa (RR = 4.33), Al-Masanie (RR = 3.67), Al-Washlah (RR = 2.33), Al-Nakhil (RR = 5.33), Irqah (RR = 7.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR = 21.33) and Al-Ghanemiya (RR = 16.00). All C. quinquefasciatus populations exhibited a high level of resistance to diflubenzuron (RR = 13.33–43.33), with the exception of Al-Nakhil which exhibited moderate resistance (RR = 10.00). Susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance was observed for triflumuron in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (RR = 0.50), Al-Ghanemiya (RR =  3.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR =  10.00), Al-Masfa (RR =  5.00), Al-Masanie (RR =  10.00), Al-Nakhil (RR =  5.00), Irqah (RR =  5.00) and Al-Washlah (RR =  15.00). Susceptibility/low resistance was assessed for abamectin, chlorantraniliprole and spinosad in all C. quinquefasciatus populations, with RR ranges of 0.25–3.50, 0.17–2.19, and 0.02–0.50, respectively. However, the population collected from Irqah showed high resistance to chlorantraniliprole (RR = 11.93). Conclusions The detection of widespread resistance to insect growth regulators in C. quinquefasciatus highlights an urgent need to establish integrated vector management strategies. Our results may facilitate the selection of potent insecticides for integrated vector management programmes for C. quinquefasciatus. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals First Evaluation of Field Evolved Resistance to Commonly Used Insecticides in House Fly Populations from Saudi Arabian Dairy Farms

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab M. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
Strain Resistance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Fly Control

The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the major vectors of several pathogens that affect humans and animals. We evaluated the toxicity of eight insecticides commonly used for house fly control using five field populations collected from dairies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Among the five tested pyrethroids, non to moderate resistance was found in adults of both sexes compared to a susceptible strain. Resistance ratios ranged from 0.5- to 7-fold for alpha-cypermethrin, 2- to 21-fold for deltamethrin, 4- to 19-fold for bifenthrin, 1- to 9-fold for cyfluthrin, and 1- to 8-fold for cypermethrin. Among the three tested organophosphates, low to moderate resistance was found among adult flies compared to the susceptible strain, and the resistance ratios ranged from 4- to 27-fold for fenitrothion, 2- to 14-fold for chlorpyrifos, and 3- to 12-fold for malathion. The median lethal times for the tested insecticides were 3–33 h for alpha-cypermethrin, 3–24 h for deltamethrin, 5–59 h for bifenthrin, 1–7 h for cypermethrin, 0.3–7 h for cyfluthrin, 6–36 h for fenitrothion, 2–21 h for chlorpyrifos, and 3–34 h for malathion. This study presents baseline data pertaining to registered public health insecticides, and the results will assist future studies monitoring insecticide resistance, and the planning of effective integrated vector management programs.

Susceptibility to Pyrethroids and the First Report of L1014F kdr Mutation in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1830-1834
Author(s):  
Ronald Maestre-Serrano ◽  
Juan Lara-Cobos ◽  
Doris Gomez-Camargo ◽  
Gustavo Ponce-Garcia ◽  
Paula Pareja-Loaiza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Genotypic Frequency ◽  
Kdr Mutation ◽  
Knockdown Resistance ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
L1014f Kdr ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Abstract The use of insecticides for the control of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Colombia has indirectly influenced the susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus Say populations. We evaluated pyrethroid susceptibility in two populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the Atlantico Department of Colombia and its possible resistance mechanism (kdr mutation). Bottle bioassays were performed for permethrin, deltamethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin in female mosquitoes of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The resistance ratios (RRs) for KC50 and LC50 for each insecticide in the field populations examined were determined, using the Cartagena strain as the susceptible control. The L1014F kdr mutation was identified in the para gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc), along with its allelic and genotypic frequency. Low knockdown resistance (RRKC50) to deltamethrin was found in Puerto Colombia and Soledad populations as well as low resistance to λ-cyalothrin in this latter population. Moderate knockdown resistance to permethrin was found in both populations. At 24 h post-exposure on the other hand, there was low resistance (RRLC50) to permethrin in Puerto Colombia and moderate resistance in Soledad. Moderate resistance to deltamethrin was found in Puerto Colombia and low resistance in Soledad. Low resistance to λ-cyhalothrin was seen in Puerto Colombia and moderate resistance in Soledad. Variability was found in the susceptibility to the pyrethroids in the populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus evaluated, and the L1014F kdr mutation is reported for the first time as a possible pyrethroid resistance mechanism in this species in Colombia.

scholarly journals Ligusticum sinense Nanoemulsion Gel as Potential Repellent against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Anuluck Junkum ◽  
Wanchai Maleewong ◽  
Atiporn Saeung ◽  
Danita Champakaew ◽  
Arpaporn Chansang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Plant Family ◽  
Anopheles Minimus ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Nanoemulsion Gel ◽  
Fresh Preparation

Ligusticum sinense Oliv. cv. is a species of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), a large plant family in the order Apiales. In this study, L. sinense hexane extract nanoemulsion gel (LHE-NEG) was investigated for mosquito repellency and compared to the standard chemical, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), with the goal of developing a natural alternative to synthetic repellents in protecting against mosquito vectors. The results demonstrated that LHE-NEG afforded remarkable repellency against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus, with median protection times (MPTs) of 5.5 (4.5–6.0), 11.5 (8.5–12.5), and 11.25 (8.5–12.5) h, respectively, which was comparable to those of DEET-nanoemulsion gel (DEET-NEG: 8.5 (7.0–9.0), 12.0 (10.0–12.5), and 12.5 (10.0–13.5) h, respectively). Evaluation of skin irritation in 30 human volunteers revealed no potential irritant from LHE-NEG. The physical and biological stability of LHE-NEG were determined after being kept under heating/cooling cycle conditions. The stored samples of LHE-NEG exhibited some changes in appearance and differing degrees of repellency between those kept for 3 and 6 heating/cooling cycles, thus providing slightly shorter MPTs of 4.25 (4.0–4.5) and 3.25 (2.5–3.5) h, respectively, when compared to those of 5.0 (4.5–6.0) h in fresh preparation. These findings encourage commercially developed LHE-based products as an alternative to conventional synthetic repellents in preventing mosquito bites and helping to interrupt mosquito-borne disease transmission.

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Araya Gebressielasie ◽  
Lambodhar Damodaran ◽  
Victoria Bonnell ◽  
Karen Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl

Abstract Background The movement of malaria vectors into new areas is a growing concern in the efforts to control malaria. The recent report of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia has raised the necessity to understand the insecticide resistance status of the vector in the region to better inform vector-based interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate insecticide resistance in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia using two approaches: 1) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests in An. stephensi; and 2) genetic analysis of insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Methods Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from Kebri Dehar. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested withmalathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, Pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and DDT 4%, according to WHO standard protocols. In this study, the knockdown resistance locus (kdr) in the voltage gated sodium channel (vgsc) and ace1R locus in the acetylcholinesterase gene (ace-1) were analysed in An. stephensi. Results All An. stephensi samples were resistant to carbamates, with mortality rates of 23% and 21% for bendiocarb and propoxur, respectively. Adult An. stephensi was also resistant to pyrethroid insecticides with mortality rates 67% for deltamethrin and 53% for permethrin. Resistance to DDT and malathion was detected in An. stephensi with mortality rates of 32% as well as An. stephensi was resistance to pirimiphos-methyl with mortality rates 14%. Analysis of the insecticide resistance loci revealed the absence of kdr L1014F and L1014S mutations and the ace1R G119S mutation. Conclusion Overall, these findings support that An. stephensi is resistant to several classes of insecticides, most notably pyrethroids. However, the absence of the kdr L1014 gene may suggest non-target site resistance mechanisms. Continuous insecticide resistance monitoring should be carried out in the region to confirm the documented resistance and exploring mechanisms conferring resistance in An. stephensi in Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Residual Pesticide On Hesco® Blast Protection Wall In Temperate Florida Habitat Effective Against Mosquitoes, Stable Flies, and Sand Flies

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth C. Britch ◽  
Kenneth J. Linthicum ◽  
Robert L. Aldridge ◽  
Todd W. Walker ◽  
Mattie J. E. Rush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
United States Military ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Blast Protection ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
The Us ◽  
Residual Pesticide

ABSTRACT United States military troops in the field are exposed to the environment and are thus at high risk for transmission of arboviruses, and degradation of mission from continual harassment from insects. Passive vector control, such as application of residual insecticides to US military materials common in the field such as tents and camouflage netting, has been shown to be effective and can contribute to a successful integrated vector management (IVM) plan in the field to reduce this risk. However, other common US military field materials have not been evaluated with residual pesticides. In this study we conducted the first known investigation of the efficacy and longevity of a residual pesticide containing λ-cyhalothrin applied to HESCO® blast protection wall geotextile. We exposed treated material to a temperate Florida environment and found that this treatment can be effective against sand flies, filth-breeding flies, and mosquitoes for at least 6 wk. This study provides evidence that residual treatment of this US military material may be leveraged as an IVM component to enhance the US Department of Defense pest management system.

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