<p><b>This thesis takes a community approach to investigate the acoustics of forest birds in Zealandia sanctuary, Wellington. Initially, the annual changes in vocalisation output of 16 study species and their possible effect on bird conspicuousness were described. Environmental factors that may shape these avian vocalisations were addressed though invoking two key hypotheses, the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, and the acoustic niche hypothesis. In addition, the songs of selected species are investigated: the role of song harmonics in the native North Island saddleback, Philesturnus rufusater, and their role in ranging, change in song dialect through time and space in the introduced song thrush, Turdus philomelos, and temporal change in the song of the native grey warbler, Greygone igata. Vocal activity of the study species varied seasonally, affecting their detectability in bird counts. Some species were mostly first heard rather than seen and viceversa. The results lend support to the acoustic niche hypothesis in that vocalisations within the forest bird community appear to have evolved towards divergence, with native species’ vocalisations being more dispersed within the community acoustic space than those of the introduced species. However, all species concentrated their energy within relatively narrow frequency bands, supporting the predictions of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis. Adaptation to different transmission properties associated with different singing elevations or physiological parameters such as body weight may have an effect on shaping such bird vocalisations.</b></p>
<p>Forests provide a complex acoustic space for sound transmission and a “sound window” may not be a constant property of a given forest. The study revealed that a prominent sound window persists in the lower frequency range that is less affected by habitat. Some high frequencies may have similar average attenuation values to those of low frequency, however, with greater fluctuation in attenuation. Ground effect is a further factor in determining how well different frequency ranges transmit and birds may use acoustic characteristics of their habitat to enhance their signal.</p>
<p>Harmonics in North Island saddleback chatter song were found to play a potential role in ranging (estimating the distance of signaller), for playback songs with more relative energy within higher harmonics were evidently perceived as coming from a nearby individual.</p>
<p>The repertoire size of the song thrush population studied in Zealandia has apparently evolved to become larger and more varied than the source population of song thrushes in the UK, with more syllables delivered with less repetition than the UK song recordings examined.</p>
<p>Over a period of 7 years, syllables in grey warbler song have shifted to a higher frequency, but there was no difference in the temporal structure of the song. Habitat effect, competition on the acoustic signal from reintroduced birds and ambient noise level are considered as possible casual factors.</p>
Road induced edge effects on a forest bird community in tropical Asia
