A Penalty Function Approach to Bias Reduction in Nonlinear Panel Models with Fixed Effects

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alan Bester ◽  
Christian Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Penalty Function ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bias Reduction ◽  
Function Approach ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Penalty Function Approach

Optimum Synthesis of Path-Generating Four-Bar Mechanisms

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bakthavachalam ◽  
J. T. Kimbrell
Keyword(s):  
Penalty Function ◽  
Gradient Method ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Inequality Constraints ◽  
Unconstrained Minimization ◽  
Function Approach ◽  
Optimum Synthesis ◽  
Penalty Function Approach

Synthesis of path-generating four-bar mechanisms is considered as an optimization problem under inequality constraints. The penalty function approach is used. The effects of clearances and tolerances in manufacture are considered in order to make sure that the inequality constraints are within the acceptable tolerance during the required motion. Modifications are introduced in the gradient method, and sequential unconstrained minimization techniques are used in the process of minimization. A typical example under various conditions is presented in order to study the effectiveness of the technique.

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