Operation of Motor Vehicles in the Tropics below Recommended Engine Temperatures

Motor Vehicles in Hot Countries

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Automobile Division ◽

10.1243/pime_auto_1951_000_020_02 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 149-157

Author(s):

C. J. D. Carruthers

Keyword(s):

Motor Vehicle ◽

North India ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Main Function ◽

Special Design ◽

Design Features ◽

The Tropics

During 1943–46 the author commanded the Experiments and Trials Wing of the Inspectorate of Mechanization, India Command. The main function of this organization was to test, on proving grounds in North India, the suitability of each type of motor vehicle which was sent to India for operation in the tropics. This paper, which is the result of the author's experiences during this work, deals with some of the conditions of climate and roads encountered in the tropics, their effects on the operation of motor vehicles, the special design features necessary to provide for them, and the practical tests necessary to determine whether those features were satisfactory.

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Long-term variations in individual particle types in the aerosol of Phoenix, Arizona, as determined using automated electron microprobe analysis and multivariate statistical techniques

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100149544 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 742-743

Author(s):

Karen A. Katrinak ◽

James R. Anderson ◽

Peter R. Buseck

Keyword(s):

Electron Microprobe ◽

Fine Fraction ◽

Coarse Fraction ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

X Ray ◽

Mineral Particles ◽

Anthropogenic Air Pollutants

Aerosol samples were collected in Phoenix, Arizona on eleven dates between July 1989 and April 1990. Elemental compositions were determined for approximately 1000 particles per sample using an electron microprobe with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer. Fine-fraction samples (particle cut size of 1 to 2 μm) were analyzed for each date; coarse-fraction samples were also analyzed for four of the dates.The data were reduced using multivariate statistical methods. Cluster analysis was first used to define 35 particle types. 81% of all fine-fraction particles and 84% of the coarse-fraction particles were assigned to these types, which include mineral, metal-rich, sulfur-rich, and salt categories. "Zero-count" particles, consisting entirely of elements lighter than Na, constitute an additional category and dominate the fine fraction, reflecting the importance of anthropogenic air pollutants such as those emitted by motor vehicles. Si- and Ca-rich mineral particles dominate the coarse fraction and are also numerous in the fine fraction.

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