Melatonin in the extracellular space of the pineal gland was measured continuously for 4 consecutive days from single, freely moving rats by means of in vivo microdialysis. A robust circadian rhythm was observed in the pineal extracellular melatonin under both light-dark (LD) and continuous dark (DD) conditions, the patterns of which were almost identical for 4 days within individuals but varied substantially among individuals. The offset phase of melatonin rhythm was more stable than the onset phase. Light-induced phase shift of melatonin rhythm was measured in individual rats, which had been entrained to LD and subsequently released into DD. On the 1st day in DD, a 3-min light pulse of 200 lx was applied either at circadian time (CT) of 17 or 22 h (5 and 10 h after the dark onset, respectively). The light pulse rapidly suppressed the nocturnal melatonin level. The rate as well as the level of melatonin suppression was significantly greater by the pulse at CT22 than at CT17. A phase shift of the melatonin rhythm was calculated on the 2nd and 3rd days in DD. Significant phase delay shift was observed after the pulse at CT17 and advance shift after the pulse at CT22 of approximately 1 h in either case. Because the amount of phase shift was not different between the 2nd and 3rd days in DD, the phase shift of pineal melatonin rhythm by single light pulse seems to be completed immediately.
Molecular Changes Underlying Reduced Pineal Melatonin Levels in Alzheimer Disease: Alterations in Preclinical and Clinical Stages
