Control of Preparatory Feeding Behaviour in the Sea Anemone Tealia Felina

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-220
Author(s):  
I. D. McFARLANE
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Slow Conduction ◽  
Oral Disk ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Dissolved food substances elicit preparatory feeding behaviour in the sea anemone Tealia felina. This behaviour takes the form of expansion of the oral disk and lowering of the margin of the disk. Food may also cause mouth opening and pharynx protrusion. This pre-feeding response may increase the chance of food capture. 2. The expansion and lowering of the oral disk can also be elicited by electrical stimulation of a slow conduction system, the SS1, thought to be located in the ectoderm. 3. SS1 activity is seen when the anemone is exposed to dissolved food substances. 4. It is concluded that preparatory feeding behaviour in Tealia is mediated in part by the SS1.

Control of shell settling in the swimming sea anemone Stomphia coccinea

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-429
Author(s):  
I. D. Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Interpulse Interval ◽  
Slow Conduction ◽  
Behavioural Sequence ◽  
Pedal Disc ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Electrical activity has been recorded from Stomphia coccinea during the behavioural sequence in which the detached anemone settles on to a Modiolus shell. 2. When a responsive tentacle contacts the shell, a short, complex burst of pulses is elicited. These remain confined to the region of contact. The endodermal slow-conduction system (SS2) then begins to fire repetitively (a typical example is 16 SS2 pulses at a mean interpulse interval of 5 s) until the pedal disc begins to inflate. Shell-tentacle contact is essential for stimulation of SS2 activity. 3. The complete response, apart from local bending of the column, may be reproduced by electrical stimulation of the SS2 alone. As few as 10 stimuli at frequencies between 1 shock/s and 1 shock/10 s are required to elicit the response.

scholarly journals Co-Ordination of Pedal-Disk Detachment in the Sea Anemone Calliactis Parasitica

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
I. D. MCFARLANE
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Identical Stimulus ◽  
Slow Conduction ◽  
Calliactis Parasitica ◽  
Behavioural Sequence ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Electrical activity has been recorded from the sphincter region of Calliactis parasitica during the behavioural sequence in which the anemone detaches from the substrate and attaches to a Buccinum shell. The ectodermal slow-conduction system (SS1) fires repetitively, the majority of observed pulses occurring in the period prior to detachment (a typical example is 25 SS1pulses at an average frequency of 1 pulse/7 sec.). Shell-tentacle contact is essential for stimulation of SS1activity. 2. Mechanical stimulation of the column excites the SS1, and 30 stimuli at a frequency of about one shock/5 sec. give pedal disk detachment. 3. Electrical stimulation of the ectoderm excites the SS1and about 30 stimuli at frequencies between one shock/3 sec. and one shock/9 sec. produce detachment. Detachment and the SS1 have an identical stimulus threshold. It is concluded that detachment is co-ordinated by the SS1.

Control of mouth opening and pharynx protrusion during feeding in the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-626
Author(s):  
I. D. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Calliactis Parasitica ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Activity in all three known conducting systems (the nerve net, SS1, and SS2) may accompany feeding in Calliactis. The most marked response is an increase in pulse frequency in the SS2 (the endodermal slow conducting system) during mouth opening and pharynx protrusion. 2. Electrical stimulation of the SS2 at a frequency of one shock every 5 s elicits mouth opening and pharynx protrusion in the absence of food. 3. A rise in SS2 pulse frequency is also evoked by food extracts, some amino acids, and in particular by the tripeptide reduced glutathione, which produces a response at a concentration of 10(−5) M. 4. Although the SS2 is an endodermal system, the receptors involved in the response to food appear to be ectodermal. 5. The epithelium that lines the pharynx conducts SS1 pulses, but there is some evidence for polarization of conduction.

Two Slow Conduction Systems in the Sea Anemone Calliactis Parasitica

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. MCFARLANE
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Response Delay ◽  
The Third ◽  
Slow Conduction ◽  
Calliactis Parasitica ◽  
Oral Disk

1. Suction electrodes record electrical activity associated with three conduction systems in the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica. The two slow systems (SS1 and SS2) are previously undescribed. The third system is the through-conduction system. 2. Evidence is given that the SS1 and SS2 are located in the ectoderm and endoderm respectively. The conductile elements have not been identified. 3. The conduction velocity of the SS1 is 4.4-14.6 cm./sec. at 11° C. and is highest in the oral disk. The SS2 velocity is 3.0-5.3 cm./sec. 4. Both slow systems show a marked increase in response delay on repetitive stimulation and fail at stimulation frequencies higher than one shock/3 sec.

Electrophysiology of two parallel conducting systems in the colonial Hexacorallia

1976 ◽  
Vol 193 (1110) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Slow Conduction ◽  
Calliactis Parasitica ◽  
Oral Disk ◽  
Dendrogyra Cylindrus

Extracellular polythene suction electrodes have been used to record electrical activity in four species of Madreporaria - Dendrogyra cylindrus, Meandrina meandrites, Mussa angulosa and Eusmilia fastigiata . A colonial conduction system, believed to be the nerve net, was found in all species. It conducted without decrement between all polyps. A second colonial system was found in Meandrina, Mussa and Eusmilia . Pulses could be recorded only from tentacles or oral disks though the system could be excited by electrical or mechanical stimuli to any part of the colony. In the tentacles and oral disk, this conduction system had a refractory period of about 60 ms while in the column or interpolyp regions the refractory period was much longer - up to several seconds. The effect of these differences was to limit the frequency of conduction of pulses in this system between polyps. The second system is compared to the s. s. 1 (ectodermal slow conduction system) of the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica . It is the first demonstrated example of a colonial slow conduction system in the Hexacorallia and is similar in properties to a colonial slow conduction system previously described for Pennatula phosphorea (Octocorallia). The slow conduction system may have a rôle during feeding behaviour by promoting expansion of tentacles and the production of mucus.

scholarly journals Feeding Behaviour Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Brain in Chickens, Gallus Gallus

1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Tweeton ◽  
R.E. Phillips ◽  
F.W. Peek
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

The role of a ‘local electrical conduction system’ during feeding in the Devonshire cup coral Caryophyllia smithii Stokes and Broderip

1984 ◽  
Vol 220 (1221) ◽  
pp. 489-500 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conduction ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Oral Disc ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Slow Conduction ◽  
Spread Of Excitation ◽  
Radial Spread ◽  
Slow System

The electrical conduction systems underlying the control of feeding behaviour are described for the solitary cup coral Caryophyllia smithii . A nerve net and a slow conduction system were found to conduct non-decrementally to all parts of the animal and to control symmetrical parts of the feeding behaviour such as polyp expansion. The slow system was activated by receptors on the tentacles and oral disc. Of particular interest was the presence of a ‘local conduction system’ in the tentacles and oral disc. This system was shown to be important in the control of local, asymmetrical parts of the feeding behaviour such as the movements of single tentacles. The local conduction system consisted of radially conducting units each of which consisted of a single tentacle and its associated sector of oral disc. This allowed the radial spread of excitation (at less than 2 cm s -1 ) from tentacle to mouth or mouth to tentacle but did not allow excitation to spread around the oral disc. The threshold for excitation of the local conduction system was above that of the nerve net or slow conduction system. The cellular basis for local conduction is unknown but may involve the oral disc radial muscles and the tentacle longitudinal muscles. By appropriate electrical stimulation of the nerve net, slow system and local conduction system, a complete sequence of feeding behaviour could be evoked. This closely resembled the behaviour shown during normal feeding and included polyp expansion, local pharynx movements and local tentacle bending. It is concluded that ‘local conduction’ is an important element to include in models purporting to explain the control of anthozoan behaviour, particularly that in which local movements are important.

ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE ATRIA IN PATIENTS WITH AN INTACT ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION SYSTEM

1969 ◽  
Vol 167 (2 Advances in C) ◽  
pp. 785-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Lister ◽  
Lawrence S. Cohen ◽  
Frank J. Hildner ◽  
William H. Bernstein ◽  
Joseph W. Linhart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Atrioventricular Conduction ◽  
Stimulation Of

Neurobiology of the Gorgonian Coelenterates, Muricea Californica And Lophogorgia Chilensis: I. Behavioural Physiology

1979 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-204
Author(s):  
RICHARD A. SATTERLIE ◽  
JAMES F. CASE
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Electrical Impulses ◽  
Additional Stimulation ◽  
Oral Disk ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Conduction Properties ◽  
Stimulus Number

1. Electrical or mechanical stimulation of Muricea californica or Lophogorgia chilensis colonies resulted in withdrawal of polyps in the immediate vicinity of the stimulation point. Additional stimulation did not result in further spread of polyp retraction. 2. Electrical activity was recorded from a colonial conduction system not restricted to the area of polyp withdrawal. Conduction velocity in this conduction system decreased with increasing stimulus number and distance from the stimulation point. 3. Polyp withdrawal in Muricea occurred concomitantly with a burst of facilitating electrical impulses. The withdrawal burst was always preceded by impulses of the colonial conduction system. 4. The pattern of colonial behaviour in gorgonians depends upon the conduction properties of the colonial conduction system, the conduction system(s) of each individual polyp, and the pathways connecting the two. 5. Polyp tentacles bend to the oral disk when presented with liver extract. A burst of electrical impulses was recorded from Muricea polyps during chemical stimulation. These bursts exhibited apparent adaptation and presumably represent muscle potentials resulting from chemoreceptor activation.

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