scholarly journals Stabilization of the Serum Lithium Concentration by Regulation of Sodium Chloride Intake: Case Report

2016 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Tomita ◽  
Hidekazu Goto ◽  
Kenji Sumiya ◽  
Tadashi Yoshida ◽  
Katsuya Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Lithium Concentration ◽  
Serum Lithium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake

Specific alterations in sodium chloride intake after hypothalamic lesions in the rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (5) ◽  
pp. 922-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel R. Covian ◽  
José Antunes-Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Hypothalamic Lesions ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Specific Increase ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake

Bilateral electrolytic lesions in the hypothalamus of the rat elicited either a decrease or increase in 2% NaCl intake, without a significant change in water ingestion. Lesions placed in the anterior hypothalamus involving supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei, or both, resulted in a conspicuous fall (as much as 93%) of NaCl intake. The decreased consumption remained to the end of the experiments which in some rats lasted 105 days and was accompanied by a decrease in NaCl urinary output. On the contrary, lesions placed in the central hypothalamus determined a specific increase of NaCl intake together with an augmented urinary excretion. The increased ingestion was permanent and lasted to the end of the experiment, attaining in one rat the value of 290%. To account for these results two provisional explanations are advanced, one of them considering the possibility of the existence of two areas of opposite effects regarding NaCl ingestion and the other claiming a neurohumoral mechanism in which oxytocin and aldosterone could be the two responsible hormones.

scholarly journals Treatment of malignant hypertension with infusion of sodium chloride; A case report and a review.

1980 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
HIROSHI KANEDA ◽  
TOSHIAKI YAMAUCHI ◽  
TOYOAKI MURATA ◽  
JUN MATSUMOTO ◽  
TAKESHI HARUYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Malignant Hypertension

scholarly journals Flushing of an intravenous catheter

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-618
Author(s):  
Rutger C.C. Hengeveld ◽  
Bianca E. Olofsen ◽  
Edmée C. van Dongen-Lases ◽  
Peter A. Leenhouts ◽  
Victor F.H.A. Hakkenberg van Gaasbeek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Intravenous Catheter ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Life Threatening

Introduction: Phlebotomy is an error-prone process in which mistakes are difficult to reveal. This case report describes the effect on laboratory results originating from a blood sample collected in close proximity to an intravenous catheter. Materials and methods: A 69-year-old male patient was referred to the Emergency department where pneumonia was suspected. Phlebotomy was performed to collect blood samples to assess electrolytes, renal function, liver function, infection and haematological parameters. Results: The laboratory analysis showed reduced potassium and calcium concentrations. To prevent life-threatening cardiac failure the clinician decided to correct those electrolytes. Remarkably, the electrocardiogram showed no abnormalities corresponding to hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia. This observation, in combination with an overall increase in laboratory parameters with the exception of sodium and chloride, led to the suspicion of a preanalytical error. Retrospectively, an intravenous catheter was inserted in close proximity of the puncture place but no continuous infusion was started prior to phlebotomy. However, the intravenous catheter was flushed with sodium chloride. Since potential other causes were excluded, the flushing of the intravenous catheter with sodium chloride prior to phlebotomy was the most probable cause for the deviating laboratory results and subsequently for the unnecessary potassium and calcium suppletion. Conclusion: This case underlines the importance of caution in the interpretation of laboratory results obtained from specimens that are collected in the proximity of an intravenous catheter, even in the absence of continuous infusion.

Effect of dietary potassium chloride in borderline hypertensive rats.

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
G F DiBona ◽  
S Y Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Dietary Potassium ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake

The borderline hypertensive rat is the first filial offspring of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the Wistar-Kyoto rat. With increased dietary sodium chloride intake, the borderline hypertensive rat develops hypertension and exaggerated cardiovascular and renal responses to acute environmental stress, similar to those observed in the hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rat parent. In other models of sodium chloride-sensitive hypertension with different genetic background (Dahl rat), dietary potassium chloride supplementation protects against the development of hypertension, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and exaggerated responses to acute environmental stress. This investigation sought to determine whether the dietary sodium chloride-induced development of both the hypertension and the exaggerated responses to acute environmental stress could be reversed or prevented by increased dietary potassium chloride intake. Dietary potassium chloride intake was increased with a 1% potassium chloride drinking solution either after 12 wk of 8% sodium chloride intake (reversal) or concomitant with the onset of 12 wk of 8% sodium chloride intake (prevention). An increase in dietary potassium chloride intake did not reverse or prevent the development of either the hypertension or the exaggerated cardiovascular and renal responses to acute environmental stress in borderline hypertensive rats fed 8% sodium chloride. It is concluded that the difference in genetic background between borderline hypertensive rats and other models of sodium chloride-sensitive hypertension is an important determinant of the protective effect of dietary potassium chloride supplementation.

scholarly journals Staying at the crossroads: assessment of the potential of serum lithium monitoring in predicting an ideal lithium dose

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Zaqueu Lima ◽  
Miriam Marcela Blanco ◽  
Jair Guilherme dos Santos Júnior ◽  
Carolina Tesone Coelho ◽  
Luiz Eugênio Mello
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Lithium Concentration ◽  
Serum Lithium Concentration ◽  
Narrow Therapeutic Range ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Sufficient Precision ◽  
Lithium Dose ◽  
Plasmatic Concentration

OBJECTIVE: Lithium has been successfully employed to treat bipolar disorder for decades, and recently, was shown to attenuate the symptoms of other pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, ischemic processes, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. However, lithium's narrow therapeutic range limits its broader use. Therefore, the development of methods to better predict its dose becomes essential to an ideal therapy. METHOD: the performance of adult Wistar rats was evaluated at the open field and elevated plus maze after a six weeks treatment with chow supplemented with 0.255%, or 0.383% of lithium chloride, or normal feed. Thereafter, blood samples were collected to measure the serum lithium concentration. RESULTS: Animals fed with 0.255% lithium chloride supplemented chow presented a higher rearing frequency at the open field, and higher frequency of arms entrance at the elevated plus maze than animals fed with a 50% higher lithium dose presented. Nevertheless, both groups presented similar lithium plasmatic concentration. DISCUSSION: different behaviors induced by both lithium doses suggest that these animals had different lithium distribution in their brains that was not detected by lithium serum measurement. CONCLUSION: serum lithium concentration measurements do not seem to provide sufficient precision to support its use as predictive of behaviors.

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