Primary School Educational Attainment among Children Living Near Toxic Sites in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 2296
Author(s):  
Anne Riederer* ◽  
Darby Jack ◽  
Jack Caravanos
2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 3315-3349
Author(s):  
Tahir Andrabi ◽  
Jishnu Das ◽  
Asim I. Khwaja ◽  
Selcuk Ozyurt ◽  
Niharika Singh

We assess whether financing can help private schools, which now account for one-third of primary school enrollment in low- and middle-income countries. Our experiment allocated unconditional cash grants to either one (L) or all (H) private schools in a village. In both arms, enrollment and revenues increased, leading to above-market returns. However, test scores increased only in H schools, accompanied by higher fees, and a greater focus on teachers. We provide a model demonstrating that market forces can provide endogenous incentives to increase quality and increased financial saturation can be used to leverage competition, generating socially desirable outcomes. (JEL I21, I22, I25, I28, L22, L26, N75, O15, O16)


Nature ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 577 (7789) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  

AbstractEducational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Masquelier ◽  
Alessandra Garbero

RésuméDans les pays à haut revenu, il a été amplement démontré que la mortalité des adultes est plus faible au sein des catégories professionnelles favorisées ainsi que chez les personnes bénéficiant d’un niveau d’instruction élevé ou d’un revenu confortable. Dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire, les différentiels de mortalité aux âges adultes sont par contre nettement moins bien étudiés en raison du manque d'information sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques des personnes décédées. Cet article vise à évaluer si les informations fournies dans des enquêtes sur la survie des sœurs peuvent aider à combler cette lacune. Puisque les niveaux d’instruction sont très corrélés au sein des familles, les niveaux atteints par les fem­mes enquêtées peuvent servir à approximer le niveau d’instruction de leurs sœurs. Afin de quantifier les différences de mortalité, nous combinons toutes les Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé dans un même modèle linéaire généralisé à effets mixtes. Dans la plupart des enquêtes, nous observons une relation inverse entre le niveau d’instruction et la mortalité adulte, en particulier dans les zones urbaines, mais des gradients opposés sont observés dans plusieurs pays durement frappés par l’épidémie du VIH/sida. L’hypothèse selon laquelle les femmes moins instruites auraient tendance à omettre disproportionnellement certains décès de leurs sœurs n’est pas vérifiée dans les données. Les données sur la survie des soeurs semblent plutôt bien refléter la complexité de la relation entre mortalité et éducation des adultes, en particulier dans les pays touchés par l’épidémie du SIDA. Dans l’ensem­ble, le recours à ces données ouvre de nouvelles voies pour mesurer les inégalités de mortalité aux âges adultes dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire.AbstractIn high-income countries, there is extensive evidence showing that higher levels of educational attainment, higher income and higher occupational classes are correlated with lower mortality rates among adults. In low- and middle-income countries, far less is known on mortality differentials in this age group due to the lack of information on the socio-economic characteristics of the deceased. In this paper, we evaluate whether survey reports on the survival of sisters can help to fill this gap. We find that levels of educational attainment are correlated within families, and therefore characteristics of the deceased can be inferred from levels attained by their sisters responding to the survey. Because estimates based on sibling survival histories have large confidence intervals, we pool all Demographic and Health Surveys together and apply a generalized linear mixed-effects model to capture mortality differentials. In most surveys, higher education is indeed associated with lower risks of dying, especially in urban areas, but reverse gradients are observed in several countries experiencing generalized HIV epidemics. There is limited support for the hypothesis that women with less education are disproportionately omitting to report some deaths. Instead, we argue that sibling histories truly reflect the complexity of the relationship between adult mortality and education, especially in countries affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Overall, the sibling approach offers new avenues for measuring inequalities in adult mortality in low- and middle-income countries. 


2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop de Jong ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Robert Macy ◽  
Aline & Herman Ndayisaba ◽  
...  

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