Rapid production of prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei) under artificial pressure can result in a series of obvious challenges and is vulnerable to serious losses related to aquatic environmental issues and the unrestrained outbreak of white spot syndrome (WSS). However, to date, there are no therapeutic strategies to contain the spread of the virus. Here, we synthesized 27 coumarin deriv-atives and evaluated their anti-white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) activity in L. vannamei larvae. We demonstrated that electron-withdrawing and electron-giving substituent groups play an im-portant role in reducing toxicity and WSSV replication, respectively. Two coumarin C2 (2-amino-5-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitrile) and C7 (2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitrile) were regarded as the most promising anti-WSSV compounds with maximum antiviral response <5% and median effective concentration <10 mg/L. The mortality of WSSV-infected larvae decreased by more than 60% after exposure to C2 and C7. With continuous immersion of C2 and C7 exchange, the mortality further decreased to 40% at 120 h.Additionally, C2 and C7 are the relatively stable in aquacultural water, making these agents
Hemolymph cells apoptosis in imported shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei from Hawaii to Iran, exposed to white spot virus
