Assessing the Potential Value and Mechanism of Kaji-Ichigoside F1 on Arsenite-Induced Skin Cell Senescence

Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic is a major environmental public health issue worldwide affecting more than 220 million of people. Previous studies have shown the correlation between arsenic poisoning and cellular senescence; however, knowledge regarding the mechanism and effective prevention measures has not been fully studied. First, the associations among the ERK/CEBPB signaling pathway, oxidative stress, and arsenic-induced skin cell senescence were confirmed using the HaCaT cell model. In the arsenic-exposed group, the relative mRNA and protein expressions of ERK/CEBPB signaling pathway indicators (ERK1, ERK2, and CEBPB), cell cycle-related genes (p21, p16INK4a), and the secretion of SASP (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β1, MMP-1, MMP-3, EGF, and VEGF) and the lipid peroxidation product (MDA) were significantly increased in cells ( P < 0.05 ), while the activity of antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) was significantly decreased ( P < 0.05 ), and an increased number of cells accumulated in the G1 phase ( P < 0.05 ). Further Kaji-ichigoside F1 intervention experiments showed that compared to that in the arsenic-exposed group, the expression level of the activity of antioxidant enzyme was significantly increased in the Kaji-ichigoside F1 intervention group ( P < 0.05 ), but the indicators of ERK/CEBPB signaling pathway, cell cycle-related genes, and SASP were significantly decreased ( P < 0.05 ), and the cell cycle arrest relieved to a certain extent ( P < 0.05 ). Our study provides some limited evidence that the ERK/CEBPB signaling pathway is involved in low-dose arsenic-induced skin cell senescence, through regulating oxidative stress. The second major finding was that Kaji-ichigoside F1 can downregulate the ERK/CEBPB signaling pathway and regulate the balance between oxidation and antioxidation, alleviating arsenic-induced skin cell senescence. This study provides experimental evidence for further understanding of Kaji-ichigoside F1, a natural medicinal plant that may be more effective in preventing and controlling arsenic poisoning.

Synthesis of Abscisic Acid in Neopyropia yezoensis and Its Regulation of Antioxidase Genes Expressions Under Hypersaline Stress

Abscisic acid (ABA) is regarded as crucial for plant adaptation to water-limited conditions and it functions evolutionarily conserved. Thus, insights into the synthesis of ABA and its regulation on downstream stress-responsive genes in Neopyropia yezoensis, a typical Archaeplastida distributed in intertidal zone, will improve the knowledge about how ABA signaling evolved in plants. Here, the variations in ABA contents, antioxidant enzyme activities and expression of the target genes were determined under the presence of exogenous ABA and two specific inhibitors of the ABA precursor synthesis. ABA content was down-regulated under the treatments of each or the combination of the two inhibitors. Antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, CAT and APX were decreased slightly with inhibitors, but up-regulated when the addition of exogenous ABA. The quantitative assays using real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results were consistent with the enzyme activities. All the results suggested that ABA can also alleviate oxidative stress in N. yezoensis as it in terrestrial plant. Combined with the transcriptome assay, it was hypothesized that ABA is synthesized in N. yezoensis via a pathway that is similar to the carotenoid pathway in higher plants, and both the MVA and that the MEP pathways for isoprenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) synthesis likely exist simultaneously. The ABA signaling pathway in N. yezoensis was also analyzed from an evolutionary standpoint and it was illustrated that the emergence of the ABA signaling pathway in this alga is an ancestral one. In addition, the presence of the ABRE motif in the promoter region of antioxidase genes suggested that the antioxidase system is regulated by the ABA signaling pathway.

Effect of Exogenous Treatment with Nitric Oxide (NO) on Redox Homeostasis in Barley Seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) Under Copper Stress

The protective mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) in regulating tolerance to Cu-induced toxicity in shoots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was studied. The experiment consisted of four treatments based on additions to basal nutrient solutions (BNS): control (CTR), Cu (200 µM), SNP (500 µM), and Cu (200 µM) + SNP (500 µM) over a period of 10 days. Treatment with Cu significantly reduced seedling growth and photosynthetic efficiency concomitant with an increase in reactive oxygen species contents, lipid peroxidation markers, and antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating that Cu induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, growth inhibition of Cu-treated plants was associated with a reduction in photosynthetic pigments and maximum photosystem II efficiency as well as a strong decrease in levels of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AsA). Addition of a nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), to the growth medium alleviated Cu toxicity by decreasing Cu uptake and enhancing antioxidant capacity, as indicated by increased contents of GSH and AsA. The application of SNP decreased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by suppressing lipoxygenase activity and enhancing some antioxidant enzyme activities. The results obtained indicate the potential of exogenously applied SNP in the management of metal toxicity. Hence, NO generating compounds have potential agronomical applications when cultivating in contaminated areas. Our findings indicate that NO can alleviate Cu toxicity by affecting the antioxidant defense system and maintaining the glutathione-ascorbate cycle status, suggesting that SNP treatment protects proteins against oxidation by regulating the cellular redox homeostasis.

Novel Millet-Based Flavored Yogurt Enriched With Superoxide Dismutase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme with different physiological functions, which can be used as a nutritional fortifier in food. Cereal-based fermented products are becoming popular worldwide. In this study, novel millet-based flavored yogurt enriched with SOD was developed. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum was screened, which manufactured SOD activity of 2476.21 ± 1.52 U g−1. The SOD content of millet yogurt was 19.827 ± 0.323 U mL−1, which was 63.01, 50.11, and 146.79% higher than that of Bright Dairy Yogurt 1911, Junlebao and Nanjing Weigang, respectively. Fifty-four volatile flavor substances and 22,571 non-volatile flavor substances were found in yogurt. Compared to traditional fermented yogurt, 37 non-volatile metabolites in yogurt with millet enzymatic fermentation broth were significantly upregulated, including 2-phenyl ethanol, hesperidin, N-acetylornithine and L-methionine, which were upregulated by 3169.6, 228.36, 271.22, and 55.67 times, respectively, thereby enriching the sensory and nutritional value of yogurt. Moreover, the manufacture of unpleasant volatile flavor substances was masked, making the product more compatible with consumers' tastes.

Leaf Physiological Responses of Three Psammophytes to Combined Effects of Warming and Precipitation Reduction in Horqin Sandy Land, Northeast China

The decreasing precipitation with global climate warming is the main climatic condition in some sandy grassland ecosystems. The understanding of physiological responses of psammophytes in relation to warming and precipitation is a possible way to estimate the response of plant community stability to climate change. We selected Lespedeza davurica, Artemisia scoparia, and Cleistogenes squarrosa in sandy grassland to examine the effect of a combination of climate warming and decreasing precipitation on relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll, proline, and antioxidant enzyme activities. We found that all experimental treatments have influenced RWC, chlorophyll, proline, and antioxidant enzyme activities of three psammophytes. L. davurica has the highest leaf RWC among the three psammophytes. With the intensification of precipitation reduction, the decreasing amplitude of chlorophyll from three psammophytes was L. davurica &gt; C. squarrosa &gt; A. scoparia. At the natural temperature, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the three psammophytes under severe drought treatment was much higher than other treatments, and their increasing degree was as follows: A. scoparia &gt; C. squarrosa &gt; L. davurica. At the same precipitation gradient, the proline of three psammophytes under warming was higher than the natural temperature. The differences in superoxide dismutase (SOD) among the three psammophytes were A. scoparia &gt; L. davurica &gt; C. squarrosa. Moreover, at natural temperature, more than 40% of precipitation reduction was most significant. Regardless of warming or not, the catalase (CAT) activity of A. scoparia under reduced precipitation treatments was higher than natural temperature, while the response of L. davurica was opposite. Correlation analyses evidenced that warming (T) was significant in L. davurica and precipitation (W) was significant in A. scoparia and C. squarrosa according to the Monte-Carlo permutation test (p = 0.002, 0.004, and 0.004). The study is important in predicting how local plants will respond to future climate change and assessing the possible effects of climate change on sandy grassland ecosystems.

Exogenously applied nutrients can improve the chickpea productivity under water stress conditions by modulating the antioxidant enzyme system

Water stress is one of the major factor restricting the growth and development of chickpea plants by inducing various morphological and physiological changes. Therefore, the present research activity was designed to improve the chickpea productivity under water stress conditions by modulating antioxidant enzyme system. Experimental treatments comprised of two chickpea genotypes i.e. Bhakhar 2011 (drought tolerant) and DUSHT (drought sensitive), two water stress levels i.e. water stress at flowering stage and water stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage including well watered (control) and three exogenous application of nutrients i.e. KCl 200 ppm, MgCl2, 50 ppm and CaCl2, 10 mM including distilled water (control). Results indicated that water stress at various growth stages adversely affects the growth, yield and quality attributes of both chickpea cultivars. Exogenous application of nutrients improved the growth, yield and antioxidant enzyme activities of both chickpea genotypes even under water stress conditions. However, superior results were obtained with foliar spray of potassium chloride on Bhakhar 2011 under well-watered conditions. Similarly, foliar spray of potassium chloride on chickpea cultivar Bhakhar 2011 cultivated under stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage produced significantly higher contents of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase. These results suggests that the application of potassium chloride mitigates the adverse effects of water stress and enhanced tolerance in chickpea mainly due to higher antioxidant enzymes activity, demonstrating the protective measures of plant cells in stress conditions.