In the early 1980s, the X-ray laser program required a new level of understanding and measurements of the atomic physics of highly charged ions. The electron beam ion trap (EBIT) was developed and built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) as part of the effort to understand and measure the cross sections and wavelengths of highly charged ions. This paper explains some of the early history of EBIT and how it was used to help develop X-ray lasers. EBIT’s capability was unique and some of the experimental results obtained over the years, related to X-ray lasers, will be shown. As X-ray lasers have now become a table-top tool, new areas of research that involve understanding the index of refraction in partially ionized plasmas will be discussed. In addition, new areas where EBIT may be able to further contribute will be suggested.PACS Nos.: 52.38.–r, 52.25.Os, 52.70.–m, 42.55.Vc, 07.60.Ly, 29.30.Kv, 31.15.–p
History of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Torso Phantom