Allopurinol Reduces the Lethality Associated with Acute Renal Failure Induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus Snake Venom: Comparison with Probenecid

This paper reports two cases of afibrinogenemia with normal platelet count following Crotalus durissus terrificus, snake bite Both patients presented high output acute renal failure and case two also had increased blood levels of CPK and LDH compatible with the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Case one was given an unknown amount of antivenom and was treated with epsilonaminocaproic acid and a fresh whole blood transfusion and showed recovery of the coagulation disturbance 40 hours following these measures. Case two was given an adequate amount of crotalide antivenom and the coagulation tests performed 12 hours later showed a normal partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen 86 mg/100ml. Case one presented no haemorrhagic disturbances. Case two presented persistent bleeding following venopuncture and after removal of impetigo crust in the legs. Acute renal failure was treated conservatively and both patients were discharged from the hospital with recovery of the renal function.

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L-aminoacid oxidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its antibacterial potential

Toxicon ◽

10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.071 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 168 ◽

pp. S13

Author(s):

Leonardo Melo ◽

Lidiane Nunes Barbosa ◽

Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior ◽

Benedito Barraviera ◽

Luciana Curtolo De Barros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Snake Venom ◽

Crotalus Durissus Terrificus ◽

Crotalus Durissus ◽

Antibacterial Potential

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Neuromuscular paralysis by the basic phospholipase A 2 subunit of crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom needs its acid chaperone to concurrently inhibit acetylcholine release and produce muscle blockage

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.021 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 334 ◽

pp. 8-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Walter L.G. Cavalcante ◽

José B. Noronha-Matos ◽

Maria A. Timóteo ◽

Marcos R.M. Fontes ◽

Márcia Gallacci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Snake Venom ◽

Acetylcholine Release ◽

Phospholipase A ◽

Crotalus Durissus Terrificus ◽

Crotalus Durissus ◽

Neuromuscular Paralysis ◽

Phospholipase A 2

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Studies on the specificity of CNF, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor isolated from the blood plasma of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus). I. Interaction with PLA2 from Lachesis muta muta snake venom

Toxicon ◽

10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00116-6 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (12) ◽

pp. 1747-1759 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

C.L. Fortes-Dias ◽

M.L.D. Jannotti ◽

F.J.L. Franco ◽

A. Magalhães ◽

C.R. Diniz

Keyword(s):

Phospholipase A2 ◽

Blood Plasma ◽

Snake Venom ◽

South American ◽

The South ◽

Crotalus Durissus Terrificus ◽

Phospholipase A2 Inhibitor ◽

Lachesis Muta ◽

Crotalus Durissus

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Edema Induced by a Crotalus durissus terrificus Venom Serine Protease (Cdtsp 2) Involves the PAR Pathway and PKC and PLC Activation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19082405 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 2405 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Caroline Costa ◽

Mariana Belchor ◽

Caroline Rodrigues ◽

Daniela Toyama ◽

Marcos de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serine Protease ◽

Snake Venom ◽

Serine Proteases ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Negative Control ◽

Protease Activated Receptors ◽

Crotalus Durissus Terrificus ◽

Three Dimensional Modeling ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Crotalus Durissus

Snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs) represent an essential group of enzymatic toxins involved in several pathophysiological effects on blood homeostasis. Some findings suggest the involvement of this class of enzymatic toxins in inflammation. In this paper, we purified and isolated a new gyroxin isoform from the Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) venom, designated as Cdtsp 2, which showed significant proinflammatory effects in a murine model. In addition, we performed several studies to elucidate the main pathway underlying the edematogenic effect induced by Cdtsp 2. Enzymatic assays and structural analysis (primary structure analysis and three-dimensional modeling) were closely performed with pharmacological assays. The determination of edematogenic activity was performed using Cdtsp 2 isolated from snake venom, and was applied to mice treated with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, dexamethasone (Dexa), antagonists for protease-activated receptors (PARs), or saline (negative control). Additionally, we measured the levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Cdtsp 2 is characterized by an approximate molecular mass of 27 kDa, an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.5, and significant fibrinolytic activity, as well as the ability to hydrolyze Nα-benzoyl-l-arginine 4-nitroanilide (BAPNA). Its primary and three-dimensional structures revealed Cdtsp 2 as a typical snake venom serine protease that induces significant edema via the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), involving PARs, PKC, PLC, and COX-2 receptors, as well as inducing a significant increase in MDA levels. Our results showed that Cdtsp 2 is a serine protease with significant enzymatic activity, and it may be involved in the degradation of PAR1 and PAR2, which activate PLC and PKC to mobilize AA, while increasing oxidative stress. In this article, we provide a new perspective for the role of SVSPs beyond their effects on blood homeostasis.

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