scholarly journals Resin acids as inducible chemical defences of pine seedlings against chewing insects

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. e0232692
Author(s):  
Xosé López-Goldar ◽  
Lina Lundborg ◽  
Anna Karin Borg-Karlson ◽  
Rafael Zas ◽  
Luis Sampedro
Keyword(s):  
Resin Acids ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Chewing Insects

Reproductive capacity of the grey pine aphid and allocation response of Scots pine seedlings across temperature gradients: a test of hypotheses predicting outcomes of global warming

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K Holopainen ◽  
Pirjo Kainulainen
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Test Of Hypotheses ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Phenolic Concentration

The effects of the expected increase in growing season temperature on the performance of the aphid Schizolachnus pineti (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Lachnidae) and on the nutritional quality of its host plant (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied under a daytime temperature range of 20–28 °C, with nighttime temperature that was either fixed at 12 °C or 8 °C below the daytime temperature. Fecundity had a curvilinear response, with an optimum at 24 or 26 °C, which is 4 to 6 °C above the local mean daytime temperatures. Longevity of nymphal stage was negatively and linearly correlated (r2 = 0.967) with daytime temperature. Intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) and relative growth rate were significantly higher at 26 °C than at 20 °C. Fecundity and rm were negatively correlated with total phenolic concentration in needles. Temperature affected concentrations of some individual resin acids in needles and stems, while concentrations of monoterpenes, total phenolics, starch, and total nitrogen in needles were not affected by temperature. Seedlings grown at 24 °C achieved the greatest biomass. Results support the protein competition hypothesis, which predicts no changes in the concentration of plant phenolics with small temperature increases. However, at 26 °C the low starch/nitrogen ratio and low total phenolic concentration may partly explain increased fecundity of aphids.

Treating Scots pine seedlings with the herbicide atrazine does not affect shoot chemistry or feeding and oviposition by Lygusrugulipennis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen ◽  
Jaana Tuhkalainen ◽  
Pirjo Kainulainen ◽  
Heli Satka
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Neoabietic Acid ◽  
Atrazine Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Atrazine ◽  
Total Concentrations

Polyphagous Lygus (Heteroptera: Miridae) bugs, which have one of the widest documented host-plant ranges, have accepted nursery-grown conifer seedlings as host plants only recently. One explanation for this adaptation to the conifer nursery environment could be the increased attractiveness of conifer seedlings due to herbicide treatments. In three laboratory experiments, we tested whether atrazine treatments (2 or 4 kg•ha−1) affected shoot chemistry of pine seedlings and the feeding and oviposition behaviour of the European tarnished plant bug, Lygusrugulipennis Popp. Shoot growth of the pine seedlings was decreased by the atrazine treatment (2 kg•ha−1) in only one experiment. The number of feeding lesions caused by Lygus bugs and the number of eggs laid per seedling were not affected by herbicide treatments, nor was the proportion of seedlings damaged. Concentrations of total amino acids were not affected by the herbicide in any of the experiments. In one experiment, the level of lysine was increased in the atrazine treatment. Terpenes and resin acids were analysed only in one experiment, and total concentrations of these defence compounds were not affected by atrazine. Dominant monoterpenes were α-pinene and 3-carene, the latter varying strongly between individual seedlings. Abietic acid and neoabietic acid were the dominant abietane and pimarane resin acids. The results suggest that applications of atrazine are not likely to reduce the resistance of pine seedlings to Lygus bugs. Herbicides may have an indirect effect by reducing the availability of alternative host plants for bugs. Other potential causes for increased numbers of Lygus bugs on nursery-grown conifer seedlings are discussed.

Silvicultural characteristics of a Scots pine stand on drift sands

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Regeneration

The  study of a seventy years old stand of Scots pine on drift sands proves that  Scots pine growth on these sites was and is still relatively good: average  diameter 27.6 cm, average height 19.4 m, standing volume 213 m3 and an annual increment  of 4.9 m3.ha-1.yr-1. All Scots pines  belong to the upper storey. Yet considerable differences in crown development  and vitality are observed. The current growth rate and the spontaneous  settlement of pine seedlings under canopy show the ideal conditions for the  creation of a high forest with reserves. Anyway a rotation period of more  than 70 years is recommendable.     On several places a consolidated regeneration of Scots pine seedlings under  canopy occur. Groups with a stem number of 700 to 3,500 seedlings per are, ranging  in age from 3 to 11 years and in height from 10 to 170 cm, are present. This  Scots pine regeneration has developed in a normal mor humus layer and in a  dense Deschampsia mat.      Broadleaved regeneration is not so abundant, and consists for 75 % of black  cherry. Absence of seed trees, browsing damage and the exclusive character of  black cherry are the limiting factors for the installation and survival of  valuable indigenous species, such as pedunculate oak.     Provided that black cherry is removed and that the regeneration is  protected against wild damage, it is possible to create a mixed forest  dominated by Scots pine but with a considerable admixture of indigenous  broadleaved trees. However, if black cherry will not be sufficiently  controlled, it can be expected that in a first phase black cherry will  dominate the understorey, that it will prevent the regeneration of all other  species and that, very soon, it will form an almost single-species dominated  stage in forest succession.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physical Barriers to Protect Ponderosa Pine Seedlings from Pocket Gophers

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pipas ◽  
Gary W. Witmer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Pocket Gophers ◽  
Thomomys Talpoides ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Medium Weight ◽  
Better Than

Abstract A 2 yr study on the Rogue River and Mt. Hood National Forests in Oregon evaluated physical barriers for protection of Pinus ponderosa seedlings against damage by Thomomys talpoides. Seedlings protected with one of three weights of: (1) plastic mesh tubing (Vexar®) or (2) sandpapertubing (Durite®) were evaluated against control seedlings. On the Rogue River sites, Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (62.6%), followed by the controls (59.1%), then Durite® seedlings (17.9%). Gophers were the primary cause of death for the Vexar® seedlings, versus desiccation for the Durite® seedlings. On the Mt. Hood sites, heavyweight Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (35.4%), medium-weight Durite® seedlings the lowest (2.7%). Seedling mortality caused by gophers was highest for controls (70.2%), followed by light-weight (62.2%) and heavy-weight (53.9%) Vexar® treatments. Overall survival was low (Rogue River = 42%, Mt. Hood = 19.8%). Growth was greatest for the control seedlings but only significantly greater than growth of Durite® seedlings on the Rogue River sites. Growth of seedlings was not compromised by the Vexar® tubing. Although neither type of tubing was highly protective, Vexar® tubes performed better than Durite® tubes. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):164-168.

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