scholarly journals Distribution, dynamics, and physiological races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) on irrigated wheat in the Awash River Basin of Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0249507
Author(s):  
Nurhussein Seid Yesuf ◽  
Sileshi Getahun ◽  
Shiferaw Hassen ◽  
Yoseph Alemayehu ◽  
Kitessa Gutu Danu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Awash River Basin ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Virulence Spectrum ◽  
Race Analysis

Wheat is one of the high-value major crops in the world. However, wheat stem rust is considered one of the determinant threats to wheat production in Ethiopia and the world. So this study was conducted to assess the disease intensity, seasonal distribution dynamics pattern, the genetic variability of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, and to determine the virulence spectrum in the irrigated ecology of the Awash River Basin. Totally 137 wheat farms were evaluated, from 2014/15–2019/20 in six districts representing the Upper, Middle, and Lower Awash River Basin. Farm plots were assessed, in every 5–10 km intervals, with ’X’ fashion, and data on disease incidence, severity, healthy plants were counted and recorded. Diseased samples were collected from the diseased wheat stem by Puccinia graminis physiological and genetic race analysis. The seasonal trend of stem rust disease progress showed its importance to infer the future progresses of the disease for the country’s potential production plan of irrigated wheat. The result revealed that the disease prevalence, disease incidence, and severity were significantly varied; among the different districts and seasons in the two regions. The survey results also indicated that about 71.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust during the 2018/19 growing period. The disease’s overall incidence and mean severity during the same season were 49.02% and 29.27%, respectively. In 2019/20, about 63.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust, disease incidence 30.97%, and severity 17.22% were lower than the previous season. In 2019/20, even though seasonal disease distribution decreased, the spatial distribution was expanding in Afambo and Dubti districts. Four, stem rust dominant races were identified (TTTTF, TKTTF TKKTF, and TTKTF) by physiological and genetic race analysis during 2018/19 and one additional race (TKPTF) in 2019/20, production year. The result indicated that the races are highly virulent and affect most Sr genes except Sr31 and Sr24. From the race analysis result, TTTTF, and TKKTF have the broadest virulence spectrum race, which affects 90% of the Sr genes. Generally, we can conclude that the spatial and seasonal distribution of the disease is expanding. Most of the races in the irrigated areas in the Basin were similar to that of rain-fed wheat production belts in Ethiopia, so care must be given, to effective management of the diseases, in both production ecologies towards controlling the spore pressure than race variability. Therefore, these findings provide inputs for wheat producers to reduce the spread and disease’ damage in the irrigated ecologies of Ethiopia. Also, it gives an insight for breeders to think about the breeding program in their crossing lines.

scholarly journals Distribution, Epidemics dynamics and physiological races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici Eriks and E. Henn) on irrigated wheat in the Awash River basin of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurhussein Seid Yesuf ◽  
Sileshi Getahun ◽  
Shiferaw Hassen ◽  
Yoseph Alemayehu ◽  
Kitessa Gutu Danu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Awash River Basin ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Virulence Spectrum ◽  
Sr Genes ◽  
Race Analysis

ABSTRACTWheat is one of the high value important major crops of the globe. However, wheat stem rust is considered one of the determinant threats to wheat production in Ethiopia and the globe. So this study was conducted with the objective to assess disease intensity, seasonal distribution dynamics, and genetic variability and to determine virulence spectrum of stem rust in the irrigated wheat areas of Ethiopia. A total of 137 wheat farms were evaluated from 2014/15 - 2019/20 in six districts of Awash River basin. Farm plots were assessed every 5 - 10 km interval with ‘X’ fashion, and data on disease incidence, severity, and healthy plants were scored with diseased wheat plant samples collection for stem rust race analysis. The seasonal trend of wheat stem rust disease was also compared to see the future importance of the diseases. The result revealed that the prevalence, incidence, and severity of stem rust were significantly varied among the different districts and seasons in the two regions. The survey results also indicated that about 71.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust during the 2018/19 growing season. The overall incidence and mean severity of the disease during the same season were 49.02% and 29.27%, respectively. During 2019/20 about 63.7% of the wheat fields were affected by stem rust, which, however, the incidence (30.97%) and severity (17.22%) were lower than the previous season. Although the seasonal disease distribution was decreased, its spatial distribution was expanding into Lower Awash. The physiological and the genetic race analysis identified four dominant races (TTTTF, TKTTF TKKTF, and TTKTF) during 2018/19 and additional race (TKPTF) during 2019/20. Thus races are highly virulent and affect most of the Sr genes except Sr – 31 and Sr – 24. TTTTF and TKKTF are the widest virulence spectrum which affects 90% of the Sr genes. Thus, it can be concluded that the spatial and seasonal distribution of the disease was expanding. Moreover, most of the races were similar with rain-fed production, and thus care must be given for effective management of the diseases to both agro-ecologies. Therefore, these findings provide inputs or insight for breeders to think about the breeding programs in their crossing lines and wheat producers to reduce the damage of the disease in the irrigated ecologies.ETHICAL STATEMENTThus, surveys were conducted with the lateral aim of rust epidemics early warning and monitoring support program in the Awash River basin. Samples for this study were collected from farmers’ fields of the irrigated production areas in the Awash River basin. The disease was an air-borne disease that is difficult to contain. Still, we give maximum care during surveying through spore-free through self-sanitation after Pgt infested field observation to minimize induced disease dissemination to the communities in the production areas that no specific permissions were required for these locations. Field sites are on public access, and P. graminis f. sp. tritici is already an air-born pathogen that doesn’t need special protection kinds. This work was our study experience in the endeavor in irrigated wheat technology dissemination.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Variability of Wheat Stem Rust Pathogen (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in Hararghe Highlands, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Arif Abrahim ◽  
Temam Hussein ◽  
Ayele Badebo
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Pathogenic Variability ◽  
Infection Types

Wheat is one of the important major crops of Hararghe Highlands. It is third in land coverage and total production after sorghum and maize. However, the wheat stem rust disease is threatening production of wheat in this region. So, this research was conducted with the following objective: to determine the population of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Hararghe Highlands. A total of 200 fields were surveyed and stem rust samples were collected and transported to Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center for race analysis. Inoculation of differentials carrying resistance genes Sr24 and Sr-Tmp indicated typical low infection types on all isolates. Isolates EH5, EH8, and EH3 from East Hararghe and WH2, WH1, and WH3 from West Hararghe showed high virulence of infection in all differential lines. Ten (10) races were identified by using Puccinia graminis tritici code system: TTGSK, PTJQK, TTSSK, TTKSK, TRSSK, and TTJQK from East Hararghe and TTTSK and TTSQK from West Hararghe zones. Race TTSSK was most frequent (25%) followed by TTKSK (25%) in East Hararghe. Race TTSSK showed 50% frequency of occurrence in West Hararghe zones. The low frequency of occurrences indicated high variability of the races in the survey areas. Therefore, monitoring of populations of pathogens is important for the national and regional research centers. Detection of pathogen virulence evolution and of currently effective resistance genes is necessary and must be applied within a system of resistance gene management.

scholarly journals Detection of Variants of Wheat Stem Rust Race Ug99 (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in Zimbabwe and Mozambique

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1188-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mukoyi ◽  
T. Soko ◽  
E. Mulima ◽  
B. Mutari ◽  
D. Hodson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
The North ◽  
Ssr Analysis ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Race Analysis

The migration of Ug99 variants of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is of concern to global wheat production (1). Seven races have been characterized in the Ug99 lineage (3), three of which occur in South Africa (4). During surveys of wheat fields for Ug99 in Zimbabwe and Mozambique in August and September 2010, high stem rust severities were found at Chiredzi, Chisumbanje, and Birchenough in Zimbabwe and at Rotanda in Mozambique. Stem rust was widespread in the lowlands (<800 m above sea level) of Zimbabwe and trace amounts were present in the mid-altitude areas. In Mozambique, stem rust was only observed at Rotanda (sample Moz1001). Collections from Chiredzi (samples Zim1004 and Zim1005), Chisumbanje (Zim1006), and Birchenough (Zim1009 and Zim1010) yielded viable urediniospores for infection studies. According to race analysis conducted on seedlings of the North American stem rust differential set (2) in a greenhouse at 18 to 25°C, Zim1005 and Zim1006 were typed as PTKST and Zim1004 and Zim1009 as TTKSF. Both TTKSF and PTKST were detected in the Zim1010 sample. Race analysis experiments were conducted three times. Urediniospores of isolate Moz1001 were not viable in infection studies, but yielded fungal DNA for simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis. Using eight selected SSR primer combinations (4), all six isolates clustered within the Ug99 lineage. Isolates Zim1005, Zim1006, Zim1009, Zim1010, and Moz1001 and the stem rust control races TTKSF, TTKSK, and PTKST grouped into two main clusters, with Zim1009 and Zim1010 clustering together and sharing 88% similarity with the rest of the isolates. Zim1005 and Zim1006 were identical to TTKSF and TTKSK, respectively. Zim1004 shared 96% genetic similarity with the TTKSP control, with these two sharing 74% genetic similarity with the remaining isolates. The SSR data correlated with the infection data, except for Zim1004, which was typed as TTKSF but clustered close to TTKSP. Wheat cvs. SC Nduna, SC Shine, SC Stallion, SC Smart, Kana, Insiza, and Dande are predominant in Zimbabwe. Cv. SC Stallion and other unidentified cultivars were susceptible to P. graminis f. sp. tritici in the field in Zimbabwe. In Mozambique, the tall, local cv. Sitsonko was susceptible to P. graminis f. sp. tritici but no infections were observed on SC Nduna or SC Shine. The similarity in P. graminis f. sp. tritici races in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Mozambique suggests that inoculum is exchanged within the region and explains the detection of race PTKST in South Africa in 2009. Trajectory models showed winds originating at Birchenough in October 2009, where stem rust was observed, passing directly over KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa within 48 to 72 h. Race PTKST was confirmed from collections in KwaZulu-Natal in November 2009 (4). The confirmation of Sr31 virulence in race PTKST in Zimbabwe is important because it provides new geographical records for an Ug99-related race and puts Southern African cultivars with 1B.1R resistance at risk. References: (1) D. Hodson. Euphytica 179:93, 2011. (2) Y. Jin et al. Plant Dis. 92:923, 2008. (3) R. F. Park et al. Euphytica 179:109, 2011. (4) B. Visser et al. Euphytica 179:119, 2011.

scholarly journals Wheat stem rust disease incidence and severity associated with farming practices in the Central Rift Valley of Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (29) ◽  
pp. 2640-2649
Author(s):  
Nafula Tenge Beatrice ◽  
Peter Okwiri Ojwang Pascal ◽  
Otaye Daniel ◽  
Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust

scholarly journals Prevalence and Distribution of Common Barberry, the Alternate Host of Puccinia graminis, in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Peterson ◽  
K. J. Leonard ◽  
J. D. Miller ◽  
R. J. Laudon ◽  
T. B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
State Program ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Active Class

A federal and state program operated from 1918 until the 1980s to eradicate common barberry (Berberis vulgaris), the alternate host of Puccinia graminis, from the major areas of cereal production in the United States. Over 500 million bushes were destroyed nationally during the program, approximately 1 million in Minnesota. Some sites in Minnesota where barberry bushes were destroyed remained in the “active” class when eradication was phased out in the 1980s. Active sites were defined as those on which there was still a possibility of emergence of barberry seedlings or sprouts arising from the parent bush. In the present study, from 1998 to 2002, 72 of the approximately 1,200 active sites in Minnesota were surveyed. Areas within 90 m of mapped locations of previously destroyed bushes were searched carefully at each site. Reemerged barberry plants were found on 32 sites. The reproductive status and GPS coordinates were recorded for each reemerged bush. More than 90% of the barberry bushes were found in counties with less than 400 ha of wheat per county, mostly in southeastern Minnesota, but one bush was found in a major wheat-producing county in northwestern Minnesota. Reemergence of barberry may serve as a source of new wheat stem rust races in future epidemics.

scholarly journals Characterization of Wheat Monogenic Lines with Known Sr Genes and Wheat Lines with Resistance to the Ug99 Race Group for Resistance to Prevalent Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1939-1943
Author(s):  
Xian Xin Wu ◽  
Qiu Jun Lin ◽  
Xin Yu Ni ◽  
Qian Sun ◽  
Rong Zhen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Sr Genes

Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most serious fungal diseases in wheat production, seriously threatening the global supply of wheat and endangering food security. The present study was conducted to evaluate wheat monogenic lines with known Sr genes to the most prevalent P. graminis f. sp. tritici races in China. In addition, wheat lines introduced from the International Maize and Wheat improvement Center (CIMMYT) with resistance to the Ug99 race group were also evaluated with the prevalent Chinese P. graminis f. sp. tritici races. The monogenic lines containing Sr9e, Sr21, Sr26, Sr31, Sr33, Sr35, Sr37, Sr38, Sr47, and SrTt3 were effective against races 21C3CTTTM, 34C0MRGSM, and 34C3MTGQM at both seedling and adult-plant stages. In contrast, monogenic lines containing Sr6, Sr7b, Sr8a, Sr9a, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9f, Sr9g, Sr13, Sr16, Sr18, Sr19, Sr20, Sr24, Sr28, Sr29, and Sr34 were highly susceptible to these races at both seedling and adult-plant stages. Lines with Sr5, Sr10, Sr13, Sr14, Sr15, Sr17, Sr21, Sr22, Sr23, Sr25, Sr27, Sr29, Sr30, Sr32, Sr36, and Sr39 were resistant to one or more of the tested races. Among the 123 CIMMYT lines, 38 (30.9%) showed varying levels of susceptibility to Chinese P. graminis f. sp. tritici races. The results should be useful for breeding wheat cultivars with resistance to stem rust.

scholarly journals The Role of Peroxidase Isozymes in Resistance to Wheat Stem Rust Disease

1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Seevers ◽  
J. M. Daly ◽  
F. F. Catedral
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Peroxidase Isozymes
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